Economics Problems

Homework #3: Question 1. Problem and Application 4 on page 285. Please work on a, b, c, d, and e only. That is, ignore f. When you reconstruct the table in your work, please lower the space for Marginal Product and Marginal Cost by a half step. In other words, the first entries of Marginal Product and Marginal Cost should be aligned with the second entries of other columns. (50 points) Table of Costs: WorkerOutputMarginal Product Total CostAverage Total CostMarginal Cost 00–$200———– 12020 300$15. 00$5. 00 25030 400 8 3. 33 39040 500 5. 6 2. 50 412030 600 5 3. 33 514020 700 5 5 615010 800 5. 33 10 71555 900 5. 81 20 A. The table shows the marginal product; marginal product rises at first, but then starts to decline because of diminishing marginal product. B. The table shows the total costs for this scenario. C. Again, the table shows the average total cost. The average total cost will be shaped like a â€Å"U. † The average total cost declines as quantity rises when the quantity is low. When the quantity is high, the average total cost rises. D. The table shows the marginal cost. The marginal cost, like the average total cost, is also â€Å"U† shaped, but unlike the average total cost it rises steeply as the output increases. This is because of diminishing marginal product. E. When the marginal cost is falling, the marginal product is rising and vice versa. Question 2. (20 points) The licorice industry is competitive. Each firm produces 2 million strings of licorice per year. The strings have an average total cost of $0. 20 each, and they sell for $0. 30. a. What is the marginal cost of a string? Marginal cost = Change in total cost/change in quantity .30-. 20=. 0=Change in total cost .10/1=. 10 The marginal cost of one string is $0. 10. b. Is this industry in long-run equilibrium? Why or why not? No. In a long run quilibirum all firms are maximizing profits. No firms have incentive to enter or exit because all firms are earning zero economic profit. The firms in this competitive market are making a profit of $0. 10 on each string of licorice. At this rate there is no long-run equilibrium, but if more firms join this market to get in on some of the profit then there will be a long-run equilibrium; when too many firms join the market the demand goes down. This can cause firms to make zero profit. Question 3. (30 points) Consider the following table. The price of the product is $8. Quatitity Total cost 0. $8 1. 9 2. 10 3. 11 4. 13 5. 19 6. 27 7. 37 a. Calculate profit for each quantity. How much should the firm produce to maximize profit? b. Calculate marginal revenue and marginal cost for each quantity. Graph them. At what quantity do these curves cross? How does this relate to your answer to part (a)? c. Can you tell whether this firm is in a competitive industry? If so, can you tell whether the industry is in a long-run equilibrium?

Blues Musician Ethel Waters Essay

Triple threat Ethel Waters (October 31, 1896-September 1, 1977) amazing ability to entertain audiences with an unreal stage presence and spell bounding singing voice can be viewed by downloading clips of her acts. She was a Black heavy set entertainer coming from an unusually bad childhood. All of those experiences she was born into seemed to influence her to become stronger and handle the setbacks in her career and life in general. Her singing career began in 1917 on a Halloween night when she showed up for a costume party. Her friends encouraged her to sing just for fun. She did, astounding the audience with her entrancing singing style that was uniquely hers. After hearing her singing performances at the Halloween party, Lincoln Theatre in Baltimore Maryland immediately offered her a contract. After she left Lincoln Theatre, she performed at Harlem nightclubs, working till exhaustion. Later she joined a carnival, working nightly Vaudeville shows. After Vaudeville, she sang in another exclusive Harlem night club with Besse Smith. Besse Smith requested Waters refrain from singing Blues. Besse was already the designated Blues singer. Waters was fine with Smith’s request, because her unique style allowed her to sing multiple categories of music. â€Å"Ethel Waters was an innovative and terrifically influential singer, and she broke through racial barriers in movies, theater, nightclubs, radio, film, and television opening doors for everyone who came after her; She deserves much better to be remembered† (McCorkle, 1994). Ethel Waters Singing and Acting Style; Ethel Waters contributions setting her apart from other singers is that she sings Blues, Jazz, Showtunes, Pop, Dance music, Big Band, Broadway and Gospel. Most of her songs are ballads, yet carry upbeat Jazz embellishments. Her voice does not even sound humanly possible. In the 1940’s there were no voice enhancing technology. She developed this unique style of vocal pronunciation by combining two different elements passed down from her mother and her grandmother. Her grandmother told her to keep a low soft, toned voice. Her mother encouraged aggressiveness, loudness, forceful vocal tones. She combined the two styles of vocal projections to sing unlimited types of music. Her voice is not loud or flashy, but filled with emotions, projecting her charisma to the audience. After her Harlem night club acts, she sang â€Å"Oh Daddy. † Oh Daddy resulted in Ethel Waters being the first Black female signed by Black Swan Records. The song immediately topped best selling charts. Because of popularity from the song, she toured with the Black Swan Jazz Masters and Fletcher Henderson. From this tour, she became noted for her dance shimmys and soft, soothing singing style. Her personality and spirituality came through as she created individual ways of interpreting lyrics of songs she sang. Bringing her own individualism to music carried over into movie roles she played. Waters was cast in many television roles in 1920’s-30’s. She played many mammy roles. She always brought her own flair to the scripts, never interpreting roles exactly as written. â€Å"What was the most remarkable about Waters performance was how she reconstructed the mammy character into one that challenged stereotypes† (McElrath, no date). Producers not only seem to not mind her taking initiative to try something different, but were actually impressed by Waters own interpretations of the written scripts. Mammy characters were being portrayed as strong Black females, resembling lifetime heroes. â€Å"Mamba’s Daughters† is the movie that popularized and brought recognition to Waters as an actress. At this time, Black actors had only non prominent roles available to them. In 1943, all of that was about to change. She took advantage of what was available to her, incorporated superb acting skills and stage presence, breaking limiting traditions. Today, Waters is greatly appreciated by many Black female singers, dancers and actresses for opening doors for them. Cabin in the Sky; Cabin in the Sky was first released as an MGM Broadway musical in 1940. The Cabin in the Sky was a story about a man who was murdered because he could not repay his gambling debts. He has only a few months to save his soul before he can enter into heaven. In 1943, the film version of Cabin in the Sky was released, being the very first production to hire an all African American cast. This was the show that was the breaking point, allowing Black actors to play significant roles, eventually making them eligible to be nominated and receive awards. In these times, it was a financial risk to cast an all Black production. Everytime a new movie, musical, video or album is made, the production company invest plenty of money, hoping it will be a success with the public. MGM was a big enough and financially stable enough company to take the financial risk. It was also the changing of times. People wanted different entertainment, something extraordinary, something they never seen before. Waters, once again changed up her script she played as Petuna. This time, she added a very shocking, unexpected dimension to the role. Besides breaking racial barriers, Cabin in the Sky threw out all rules of ethic modesty. Waters stunned everyone by adding a a sexy, suggestive musical dance style influence to her character, she starred as a female singing and dancing while taking a bubble bath. In 1943, this was considered â€Å"past the limits. † The show was a huge success so much that it was nominated for an award; the Academy Award for Best Original Song. The show was nominated for the song, â€Å"Happiness is a thing called Joe,† sung by Ella Fitzgerald. Cabin in the Sky made historical changes, had people talking endlessly about the show for years. For all these years, no one ever heard of it. It was recently released on DVD in 2006. Declining Work for Ethel Waters; Even though she was a fabulous triple threat, an asset to any show, Waters quickly found herself unemployable. While theatre and music producers welcomed Waters changing up the roles she played to suit her individuality, there is one part of her that was not acceptable. All the producers complained about her bad tempered attitude. Usually, when something works, the producers will put up with most anything from actors. However, that phase is passing, because there is to many talented actors who will not cause problems. From 1942-1949, producers refused to cast her in any roles. For a while, Cabin in the Sky was her last role. The producers had enough when her temper flared her co-worker, Lena Horne sprained her ankle. Waters went into a jealous rage claiming that Horne was getting far to much attention. In 1949, producers gave her another chance. She played another mammy role in â€Å"Pinky. † Her exceptional performance in â€Å"Pinky† won her an award for Best Supporting Actress. (McElrath, no date). The Civil Rights Movement in the 50’s-60’s brought a change that did not help Waters. People felt her roles as mammy’s were degrading to Blacks, and showing them in a way that would not contribute to their respect. When Waters was growing up, her career ambitions was to work for rich white people. She did not work for rich white people, but her roles where a Black woman working for other people. The Civil Rights Movement frowned upon Black actresses playing domestic roles. Although Ethel Waters achieved respect for Blacks, her accomplishments are all forgotten. She is remembered as an actress that promoted Black housekeepers. Many people think of her as someone who broke racial and other barriers in society. His Eye On The Sparrow; Waters Autobiography â€Å"The two great struggles in Waters life were poverty and racism. But matching these were her two great strengths: an iron will and deep faith† (Anderson 2002). Waters spoke proudly of her spiritual faith, letting in be known her religious traditions is what gave her strength to overcoming obstacles and struggles. In 1951, Waters autobiography was published, named His Eye On the Sparrow. His Eye On the Sparrow, originally sung by two white men, Civillia Martin and Charles Gabriel, belongs to the gospel category. African American Ethel Waters were greatly inspired by lyrics of the song so much she used it for her intriguing autobiography. She recognized the lyrics as a reflection of her own life, and a reminder as to where her amazing strength came from. â€Å"Waters was blessed, however, with a singing voice, and would work her way through the black vaudeville circuit to Broadway and into Hollywood. She was known as a singer of Jazz, Blues and show music, but also for her strong Christian faith-she sang spirituals and gospels on tour with Billy Graham† (Jones, 2005). According to her, success was not influenced on behavior of people surrounding her, her race or economic or disadvantaged background, but influenced by her beliefs. â€Å"Why should I feel discouraged? Why should the shadows come†¦I sing because I’m happy; I sing because I am free† (Lyrics). The people surrounding her were disadvantaged, but she was strong and gifted. And she was Black! Those strong beliefs and sense of spirituality were all she needed for thriving success. â€Å"His eye is on the Sparrow, and I know he watches over me† (Lyrics). Fair or not, in those days people in positions to offer employment opportunities saw a Black person, and opinions regarding their abilities stopped right there. However, people like Ethel Waters changed all of that. Today, music is surpassing limitations because of combining cultures and different styles of music. The book follows her life from being born illegitimately to an unloving, uncaring mother living in poverty conditions to her fame on Broadway. Conclusion; Although Ethel did not realize it at the time, she lived a life that was very interesting and fascinating to many people. She was in demand for many performances because she was a fluent Jazz and Blues female vocalists. However, she sung all types of music. She opens the new world that blues and pop music can be sung by one singer. Her famous career began at a Halloween costume party, progressed to a professional theater, then Harlem Nightclubs, Vaudeville, eventually on television, and Broadway. Her acting career was just as successful, even with its ups and downs. Her religious beliefs and faith in God played significant roles providing her with inner strength making it possible to bring great entertainment across the screens and stages. Her autobiography, written just a few years before she died was based on a highly spiritual song played in sacred settings. Her accomplishments can be remembered in her movie Cabin in the Sky and her book, His Eye on the Sparrow. In 80 years, she made contributions and changes through her career with great influences. On September 1, 1977, she passed away of cancer. Notes; Anderson, George M. 2002. â€Å"Of Many Things. † America 186, no. 17: 2. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed October 23, 2007). http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=6661900&site=ehost-live Jones, Kenneth, 2005 â€Å"His Eye on the Sparrow† Playbill Article 95572 PlayBill. com(Accessed October 23) http://www. playbill. com/news/article/95572. html McCorkle, Susannah. 1994. â€Å"The mother of us all. † American Heritage 45, no. 1: 60. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (Accessed October 23, 2007). http://search. ebscohost. com/login. aspx? direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9401267528&site=ehost-live McElrath, Jessica (no date) â€Å"Remembering the Career of Ethel Waters† About. com; African American History ( Accessed October 24, 2007) http://afroamhistory. about. com/od/ethelwaters/a/bio_waters_e. htm Clips; TCM Trailers; Cabin in the Sky http://video. aol. com/video/blackvoices-tcm-trailers-cabin-in-the-sky/1636935 Ethel Waters; His Eye on the Sparrow http://video. aol. com/video-detail/ethel-waters-his-eye-is-on-the-sparrow/4163930375

My Leadership Practices and Future Essay

This following will outline my personal leadership practices and potential future leadership. To analyze my leadership qualities I will use the Seven Habits Profile and a leadership theory to determine my strengths, weaknesses, and areas of opportunity for improvement. In conclusion, I will determine the best recommendations for long-term improvement as well as SMART goals, or short-term courses of action, for leadership improvement. Seven Habits Profile The Seven Habits Profile revealed that I rank as outstanding in two categories, very good in six categories, and good in just one category. This seems to highlight what I am most exemplary at in terms of leadership, what I am just proficient at, and what presents itself as an opportunity for improvement. The main two strengths include having a work-life balance and being a proactive problem solver. An area of opportunity as indicated by the profile would be having the ability to synergize which is a combination of seeking the views of others and making creative decisions. The two strengths point to qualities I have constantly tried to improve upon. Earlier in my career, I was a bit of a workaholic and tended to bring work home with me. This resulted in a dismal personal life which eventually permeated negativity into my professional life as well. In light of that, over the years I have created rules for myself to remedy that initial error and in doing so this has become one of my str engths. My other strength, being proactive, stems from the lack of this quality in my current career field. More often than not it is more imperative to be reactive in my line of work.  To set myself above the rest I decided early on in my career to work on being both, as being reactive is just as important as being proactive in order to prevent conflict and deal with one once it has arisen. The category in which I rated as only good, or a possible opportunity for improvement, is synergize. I believe I scored myself low in two out of three categories because it has been an incredible weakness in the past and one I have been working on for quite some time. While I have significantly improved in this area I continually work on this factor of working better with people by seeking their input. In doing so, I rate myself harshly on this aspect, despite the progress I have made, because I am not as competent as I would like to be. My Leadership Practices Over the course of my career, I have tried to model various leadership behaviors based upon successful leaders that I have worked with or for. This has led me to incorporate different styles into my own. Considering my current leadership strengths and how I view successful leaders I will use a servant leadership theory to analyze my own competencies. Servant leaders have 9 different aspects comprised of: emotional healing, creating value for the community, conceptual skills, empowering, helping subordinates grow and succeed, putting subordinates first, behaving ethically, relationships, and servanthood (Boone & Makhani, 2005, pg. 86). The aspects of a servant leader are those that I personally value and identify with. In addition to this, it is my belief that servant leaders, because they are people oriented, are more effective in a variety of environments and situations. My Leadership Strengths In accordance with the servant leadership theory I have three main strengths that I employ in my leadership practices. The first recognized strength is my ability to develop strong working relationships with employees. This strength is best demonstrated in my practice of getting to know all of the employees on a personal basis and caring about their professional and personal lives by showing interest every day. This aspect of leadership requires a considerable amount of listening on my part and therefore assists in fostering clear communication and trust between me and the employees. According to Boone & Makhani (2005), â€Å"A vital prerequisite to servant  leadership is credibility, which is the foundation of leadership. People must believe in their leaders and know that they are worthy of trust† (Boone & Makhani, 2005, pg. 85). This establishment of trust, fostered through caring and building a sense of community within the team, lays the groundwork to being viewed as a competent leader that employees will follow with enthusiasm. In conjunction with my first strength, my second strength has been identified as the capacity to help subordinates grow and develop within their career. I have demonstrated this by mentoring employees. This has included helping them grow within their current position as well as aiding them in moving up from their current level within the organization. This aid is often in the form of teaching, listening, and giving them my insight to what I have observed within the organization in concern to both reviews of work and job promotions. Development of employees has to be a quality that is purposefully demonstrated consistently and not just when an employee asks for help. This requires a regular effort on the part of the leader of a team. In order to help an employee in this aspect a lea der has to know employees on a basic fundamental level. The leadership practice of aiding in an employees’ career growth cannot be effectively engaged without the insight gained by the understanding and communication gained through the aforementioned practice of getting to know your employees. Developing the people in your workforce builds skills and confidence and in turn increases and maintains a high level on morale. Along with caring about employees through getting to know them it is imperative that a leader show they care about the person and their future. Consistent with Hamilton & Nord as cited by Caldwell, Dixon, Floyd, Chaudoin, Post, & Cheakas (2012), servant leadership has been defined as ‘‘providing leadership that focuses on the good of those who are being led and those whom the organization serves’’ (Hamilton & Nord as cited in Caldwell, Dixon, Floyd, Chaudoin, Post, & Cheakas, 2012, pg. 180). Assisting an employee up through the career ladder demonstrates that the leader cares about each emp loyee’s future both on a personal and professional level. The third strength I have identified in my leadership practices, conducting myself ethically as a leader, relates to the first two strengths. I have established this strength by holding myself visibly to a higher standard than the organization I work for requires of me. This often involves a great amount of transparency with my work  processes and what decisions I make. I conduct myself in a manner that is viewed as beyond reproach. In addition to setting an appropriate example for employees behaving ethically allows trust to be established. If a decision or action were ever called into question my openness on honesty in matters would quickly dispel any thought of impropriety on my part. If a leader failed to obey the rules, no amount of caring, communication, or helping associates would build a sense of trust from the followers’ point of view. According to Parris and Peachey (2013) , â€Å"Whereas other leadership theories are traditionally defined only by what the leader does, servant leaders are defined by their character and by demonstrating their complete commitment to serve others† (Parris & Peachey, 2013, pg. 379). A leader’s style and effectiveness are defined by one’s character and is therefore defined by their actions and the ethics that govern their actions. My Leadership Weaknesses I have three main areas of opportunity for improvement in my leadership practices. While they are not complete deficiencies, or lacking, they require development to form a balanced leadership approach. My first weakness is a lacking of showing thoughtfulness or understanding with subordinates personal concerns. While this is not always the case, when I fail at this point is often because I am putting the organization first and failing to completely listen to an employee’s point of view concerning a specific subject matter. This often occurs when an associate is upset about a new organizational policy. Because I do not adequately listen to the associate’s point of view I fail in showing understanding and simply state to the employee that the policy must be followed. While this in an infrequent occurrence, when it does transpire it often leaves the employee to feel that I do not care about them and they in turn give the impression that they would be reluctant to come to m e with other issues that I could assist with. These perceptions degrade lines of communication and trust to an extent that negatively impacts how I may viewed as a leader and how my subordinates may, or may not, perform while working with me. The second leadership weakness I have pinpointed is that in certain situations I do not put employees first. When a new or big project is to be completed I do not always seek input from subordinates because of time constraints. In all  actuality their viewpoints on how these projects are to be done would likely decrease the time needed to accomplish the task. However, when I failed at seeking their input only my ideas are carried out, which may not be the most efficient way, and the employees feel that their views do not matter which fails to motivate or inspire fast and effectual performance. Therefore this failure leads to a demoralized team that negatively impacts not only the current project but future tasks as well. My third weakness as a leader is that I fail to empower subordinates concerning specific kinds of tasks on a consistent basis. This occurrence is typically the result of performance constraints on my end leading me to not help employees by showing them how to complete certain tasks. Instead I often do these tasks on my own so that I know they are done right and in a timely manner. By not always allowing employees to do these tasks, or helping them improve on these tasks they do not get a chance to grow within their position by mastering certain aspects of their job. This causes friction between me and employees as they perceive my actions to be a lack of trust or faith in their abilities. This weakness, like the first two, also contributes to a decrease in morale because the employees question my judgment or because they lack confidence in their abilities because I doubted them. Recommendations for Leadership Development To address my weaknesses, it is necessary to alter my leadership practices to be more congruent with the servant leadership style. All following recommendations for changes in my leadership practices will be a move toward a more complete servant leadership style. â€Å"Servant leadership differs from other models of leadership in that it focuses on leaders meeting the needs of followers, in that, if followers are treated as ends in themselves, rather than means to an end, they will reach their potential and so perform optimally. Such an approach is found when leaders respect, value and motivate those who follow them† (McCrimmon as cited by Waterman, 2011, pg. 25). The first recommendation will be to take the time to listen to employees regardless of the situation. This will require that I use the listening skills I have developed in all situations, especially in the types of situations I have consistently failed. This remedy will prevent the decay in trust and communication th at not understanding subordinates personal concerns often causes. This increased thoughtfulness in all matters on my  part will foster improved teamwork between myself and the team instead of hindering performance with decreased morale caused misunderstandings. The second recommendation change to my leadership practices is to seek input from employees on all tasks that involve them. A change in the practice would seek to prevent employees from feeling disenfranchised by having to complete work as dictated to them rather than doing tasks in a manner in which they believe is best for the work style that will still end with the same desired result. This change will garner an increased enthusiasm in daily task as well as the larger goals by giving employees a sense of ownership in their work. Gaining input and insight into how things are done will also add the possibility of increased efficiency and expediency in daily tasks by giving control to task experts who perform these regularly and have insight on how to improve. The increased performance coupled with an increased sense of trust will also seek to increase and maintain a healthy level of employee morale. The third recommended improvement to my leadership practices will be to challenge employees with new types of tasks and grow their skill sets to build performance, enthusiasm, and job satisfaction. When giving employees new challenges I also need follow up during and after their tasks to give constructive criticism and offer additional training if indicated. This alteration to my current practices will also prevent the erosion in trust my seemingly lack of faith in the past has had on employees and the team. This change to my practices will lead to greater employee skill set development and an added confidence within team members. SMART Goals To hasten my leadership development in a measurable method I am setting two SMART goals to accomplish within the next two weeks. The first goal is to set aside time to talk with each employee to ascertain what short and long term goals they have within the organization. I will also discuss with them what skill sets they believe they lack that is preventing them from moving to the next level. I will then assign tasks to each employee that seeks to build the desired skill set of each person. I will monitor their progress and give feedback as necessary. At the end of the two week period I will follow up again with each employee to ask them what they thought about the process, if they learned anything from doing new activities, and what, if  any, new tasks or skills they would like to learn or hone to further their career goals. The second goal will be to hold small team meetings, or huddles as we call them in the organization I work for, and gain the opinions and insights from employees on current changes within the organizations. I will guide the meetings and help employees choose how certain objectives will be met and how they might influence accomplishing long-term goals. Within reason, I will set into motion the employees plans and suggestions. At the end of the two week period I will again hold a series of huddles to discuss our accomplishments based upon the changes the employees have planned and further adjustments we could make to improve processes to these changes. I am optimistic that through the accomplishment of these two goals employees will feel more involved and valued within the organization. These immediate changes will also seek to build trust within my leadership and the organization. This improvement will further open up the lines of communication and reestablish a better sense of teamwork, as I will also be seen as part of the team in addition to its leader. These achievements will boost performance for both long and short-term objectives while increasing the teams’ morale. References Boone, L. W., & Makhani, S. (2012). Five Necessary Attitudes of a Servant Leader. Review Of Business, 33(1), 83-96. Retrieved from: http://wguproxy.egloballibrary.com/login?user=true&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=heh&AN=86286635&site=ehost-live&scope=site Caldwell, C., Dixon, R., Floyd, L., Chaudoin, J., Post, J., & Cheokas, G. (2012). Transformative Leadership: Achieving Unparalleled Excellence. Journal Of Business Ethics, 109(2), 175-187. Retrieved from: http://wguproxy.egloballibrary.com/login?user=true&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=heh&AN=78333229&site=ehost-live&scope=site Parris, D., & Peachey, J. (2013). A Systematic Literature Review of Servant Leadership Theory in Organizational Contexts. Journal Of Business Ethics, 113(3), 377-393. Retrieved from: http://wguproxy.egloballibrary.com/login?user=true&url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=heh&AN=87015717&site=ehost-live&scope=site Waterman, H. (2011). P rinciples of ‘servant leadership’ and how they can

Nursing Program-Ethical Dilemma Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Nursing Program-Ethical Dilemma - Research Paper Example Within the health care provision, there is the nursing profession that deals with the care that is provided to the individuals, communities, and families in a bid to make them attain, recover, and maintain a quality life with optimal health. There is, however, a clear differentiation of nursing from other health care providers through several criteria that revolve around their approach to the patient in providing care, practice, scope as well as the training (Guido 62). It will be appreciated that most of the nurses only provide care with the directive of the physician, and this is probably why nursing profession is referred to as care providers. The assignments undertaken by nurses are challenging, and they usually strive to offer the best out of their capacity. Despite this, they encounter a challenging and ethical dilemma and meet varied reaction from the parties involved. In this regard, there have been cases that nurses made decision which were not welcoming to a selected group of persons. Nevertheless, nurses are also allowed to independently practice and make jurisdictions based on their level of training. Due to the technological advancement in various fields, nursing has faced several evolutions and is diverting rapidly to accommodate areas that traditionally were not observed to be valuable. According to the American Nursing Association (ANA), nursing is referred to as a profession that takes the responsibility of providing protection, optimizing health, promoting those skills that will enhance a healthy living and alleviating suffering inflicted through unrelenting diagnosis and treatment (Bishop and Scudder 54). They are also believed to be the advocates for the families, communities, population and individuals so that the latter can embrace a healthy living life. With reference to this, it is unfortunate that nurses are faced with several issues during the discharge of their duties, and this is impairing their abilities to take full responsibilities in the wor k that they should do. Nurses are also faced with a plethora of ethical dilemmas that need to be adequately addresses to allow them have courage and take charge for their duties. When encountered by an ethical dilemma, the decision one makes may have severe consequences, which may be beyond his/her capacity. In this regard, several nurses have been charged for action that they have done while providing care for the patients, and this has attracted a divided opinion on the same. In this regard, careful consideration of all aspects of an activity should be done to ensure that the right course of action is taken. Nurses have the responsibility of providing the best service to their clients (patient), in a bid to ensure that their recovery is quick. Despite this, it is also agreed that the recovery of a patient is to some extent beyond the capabilities of nurses. There are the proponents of the opinion that nurses have to be charged in case of deteriorating health of the patient which c an be attributed to them. On the same breath, there are those who believe that nurses are supposed to be cushioned by the law under such circumstance that a dilemma arises and not be liable for any prosecution in a given case. The opponents of the nurses’ prosecution believe that there is no justification to file a suit for a nurse who is discharging a mandate, and resolving a dilemma, opt for a course that dissatisfies other parties. They propose that in the case of a dilemma, the nurse should remain supreme and be insulated against any form of prosecution. Moreover, no matter how direct the solution to a problem appear, any decision made meet mixed reactions, and thus it is impossible to meet the expectation of all persons. In this regard, provided that the

CIS 206 U1 Review Assigment Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CIS 206 U1 Review Assigment - Coursework Example Linux also offers more flexible and configuration options. It supports compilers and interpreters for a quite number of computer languages like C, C++, Ada, Java, Lisp, Fortran, Python, Perl, Pascal inter alia (Sobell, 2012). The Free Software Foundation is the chief sponsor of the GNU Operating System. GNU is an operating system offered for free (Free Software Foundation, Inc., 2015). Linux is a completely protected multitasking operating system, which allows users to run many jobs at a time. Parties that helped in the development of Linux are the AT&T and UNIX system Labs, universities and colleges. Utility program is the software that assists in the management, maintenance and control of computer resources. They provide assistance to the day-to-day computing tasks and keep the system running. The shell can be used as a programming language. Therefore, with the support of utility program that will keep the computer resources running, programmers can use the shell to develop some applications (Sobell, 2012). Commands will be typed, and the shell processes them and through this approach, patterns of the desired application can be constructed bearing special meaning. A multiprocessor is an integration of two or more CPUs, with input-output equipment and memory. On the other hand, a multiprocessor system has its control carried out by a single operating system, which is responsible for coordinating activities of several processors, either through interprocessor messages or shared memory. Several parties have taken part in the development of Linux. This traces back to the era of UNIX, which was developed by a group of researchers who needed contemporary computing tools for use in their projects. Then universities and colleges were involved in furthering its popularity. Bell Labs further promoted it by offering it to schools at low costs. Further popular changes were made, and it was called Berkeley UNIX. Another major version

Importance Role of Cooperation in Achievement of Goals Essay

Importance Role of Cooperation in Achievement of Goals - Essay Example Graduating from school with satisfactory grades was one of the most important goals I have achieved that exemplifies the importance of cooperation. I always registered poor grades prior to my final examination. Thus, I realized that I had to take action in order to achieve decent grades in my final examination. Coincidentally, three of my classmates realized the need to improve their grades and we eventually became a team when doing our revision in order to achieve our individual goals. In this regard, we came up with a program that would help us come together to revise and teach each other what we independently knew. In addition, we could help each other improve essays that we wrote in class in order to make them better. Furthermore, we could ask for teachers on tips that we could use for effective group work, in different subjects, in order to achieve that common goal that we so desired. Eventually, we became better each passing day and our grades ultimately improved through cooper ating with each other in revision. In order to achieve our individual goals, we had to cooperate and learn a lesson from small creatures like wasps, ants, bees, and other similar creatures. These diminutive creatures epitomize the importance of cooperation, which is a lesson we can learn as human beings. In this regard, these tiny creatures teach us the fundamental aspect of unity for a common goal. Therefore, we had to unite in order to achieve the common goal of improving our grades towards the final examination.

ACTIVITY 5 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ACTIVITY 5 - Essay Example By isolating possible areas of discussion, which would have to be researched, it became evident that a particular aspect of the general topic was most attractive to me: immigrant populations in new societies, and their potential to achieve. This will still have to be refined – a country of choice, and immigrant populations able to be defined in that country as well as the choice of the type of achievement to be studied – and hence this proposed topic: Influences on Academic Achievement/Non-achievement on Newly-arrived Immigrant Populations in the United States. And it is clear that some research will be necessary before a study can be started: are there clearly definable immigrant populations available; what would the time-frames have to be; would it be ethically correct to identify groups in society so overtly; which definitions of achievement would be used – the local or the â€Å"old country† definitions; what levels of academic achievement would form the focus of a study? In addition, research available on the hereditary factors that influence academic achievement would have to be considered, and their impact on this study gauged. Nonetheless, the topic, and consequent research could provide valuable insight into interventions that could be implemented if non-achievement is occurring, or factors that encourage achievement could be identified. In a working environment within psychology, mind-mapping could be a valuable process to define ideas: one may want to embark on some research, within a field of interest. The initial idea, such as mine was, may be within a personal and general area. By free-association of ideas, all one’s thoughts are made concrete in the initial stage of brainstorming. Then, it becomes clear that certain ideas logically fit together. Some are at this point able to be dismissed – others, it becomes clear, need to be developed. The action of mind-mapping helps

Business Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 15

Business Strategy - Essay Example strategic thinking is through brainstorming for new ideas and through the application of possibility thinking with an aim of developing strategic goals and direction .It is a way that has specific purposes and characteristics and a well-defined way of thinking. Studies conducted by the Wall Street Journal assert that corporations emphasized on strategic thinking as the skill they sought most after in an executive above other skills. Strategic thinking involves challenging assumptions that have been rooted in an industry, the ability to embrace change and current trends, visualizing as to the direction a company should take and providing leadership for the future. It also involves developing new opportunities that create value today and into the future. A strong foundation promoting critical thinking is important to facilitate the growth of any critical thinking platform. It should also be coupled with a deep understanding of the fundamental drivers affecting an organization and challenging the traditional way of thinking. Strategic thinking has been described as an imaginative strategy which is used to rewrite the rules relating to the competitive game and pursue the potential future by dealing with current realties and creating alignments. Strategic thinking main goal is to create strategies that are in alignment with the organization’s vision in order to gain a competitive edge over its competitors. Strategic intent is a statement by a company from high level management stating its desire to achieve its vision. It has been termed as a statement of design responsible for the creation of a better future and it is simply a company’s vision of what it aims to achieve in the long term. However, strategic intent must convey a sense of discovery, opportunity and direction that can be advantageous to the employees (Pitt 2001). It is not a fit exercise but a stretch exercise. This is because strategic intent formulates a picture of a customer’s daily routine and

Principles and practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Principles and practice - Assignment Example Thus trends in external environment can have a major on consumer choice and preferences and therefore, it is important for marketers to be aware of such trends. Underlying trends are relatively slow moving changes in the marketplace that may occur for a number of reasons. A successful marketers needs to keep track of these changes and respond accordingly. The nature of the trends is likely to differ; sometimes they are consumer led and sometimes business led. However, businesses must realize that in order to gain a competitive edge and better satisfy the customers, these trends are needed to be taken into account. Macro factors are those that have an indirect impact on the business, also known as PESTEL. It includes factors that create opportunities and threats to business and is categorized as the far environment. These include variables such as political, environmental, socio-cultural, technological, economic and legal. With respect to marketers of cosmetics products, these factors play a crucial role and can have a significant impact on the industry structure. Political factors consist of laws, government agencies and pressure groups that influence and limit various organization action plans. For instance, legislation affecting cosmetics business has increased worldwide. Also, various laws exist that protects companies, consumers and interest of the society at large. And most importantly there is an increased emphasis from government, on socially responsible behavior. Concerning political factors from cosmetic industry’s point of view, unstable political conditions of the relevant regions can be troublesome for the business with respect to imports and exports. Moreover, an increase or decrease in tax rates can also impact the profitability of the business favorably or unfavorably. Environmental factors mainly include the surroundings, weather and climate change. With major climate change occurring due to global warming and with greater environmental a wareness, this external is becoming a significant issue to consider. It is particularly important to cosmetic firms as the industry involves many input material that may bring damage to the environment. Also products are susceptible to climate changes, and thus need thorough analysis. Concerning environmental factors, firm can create value and better satisfy customers by adopting environmental friendly approach. This would help firm avoid legal costs and increase its goodwill. Moreover, use of natural ingredients, preferred by the consumers also adds value. Change in social trends can impact the demand for a firm’s products. Aging population, income groups, lifestyle and social class highly affect cosmetic demand. Thus, social factors affect the customer needs and size of potential market. With changing fashion trends, increased awareness and better life styles, demand for cosmetics is likely to increase. For instance, an increased awareness amongst men may lead to an altoget her new cosmetic line. Similarly, aging population is likely to increase demand for anti-aging cosmetics. New technology creates new products and process. It tends to impact both the business process and the final offering. With the advent of internet for instance, the distribution channels have become virtual with cost efficiencies for cosmetic industry. Other innovations include bar coding and computer aided design that enables companies to keep track of its customer preference and offer innovative designs, respectively. Technology, thus can

The Clouds Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Clouds - Essay Example After realising that my digital camera would be unable to truly capture the vision before me, I put the device aside in order to study the cloud from every viewing point available to me. Although I am no meteorologist, this cloud is an outstanding specimen of nature. This is an enormous lenticular cloud, created and moulded by the wind. Hovering above the craggy horizon dominated by peaks competing for dominance, this cloud is a cohesive whole. Butting against the blue background in a scalloped and varying edge, it appears to be in overhanging layers. With edge conditions comparable to the exterior of a geode, less and less light flows through as the layers get deeper and lower. Through the varying shades of white, black and grey, I begin to fathom how large and intricate this formation truly is. This also makes for fascinating shadow play between the elements of this majestically still phenomenon, highlighting the collected microchasms creating the scene before me. Haunting my path throughout my explorations of the landscape, the cloud's massive thin and white expanse distinctly dominated an otherwise pristinely blue sky.

Policy and Practice in PCET Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Policy and Practice in PCET - Essay Example It was noted that the young people aged between 15-24 years needed much support before they attained their goals. During this time they usually experience so many changes in their lives. This includes physical changes of growth and also in the social settings. In their youthful stages they normally have so many choices and it is normally tricky for them to make a decision. They need much guidance and support. 1 This is where the young people are helped to access the working environment. This helps the young people to get quality skills in different areas. In the past there was the need bridge the gap between what the industry needed and the education sector in general. The government strived very hard to bridge this gap. The education sector needed to know what was marketable at that time. During the early 80's it was noted that the entire market wanted that the education system systems prepare children to work. In the early 1980's the local authorities were mostly accused of carrying out controls in the learning institutions. During this time it was noted that what the industries needed is not what the schools produced. It was noted that the knowledge passed on in schools was not quite shallow and quite theoretical and not practical. This was mostly started in the year 1973. It was aimed at helping the sixteen year olds to get the work experience. The government helped by financing such initiatives. The local companies and industries trained the young on job. This scheme was started on one year basis then later expanded to two years. Technical and Vocational Education This was initiated by the government in 1982.In this program the colleges were encouraged to include some practice of the work in their curriculum. Records had to be kept to monitor how the students performed Critically Assessing Vocationalising in the PCET has got its own advantages. It helps the young people be equipped with working skills early in life. This helps them to easily access jobs in the society. However it is healthy to note the other side of the coin of this venture. The vocationilising in the PCET is monolithic in nature. It really narrows down the learning process in the aim to meet what the market wants. Knowledge cannot just be narrowed down to a product, it is a process. In vocational education, as long as one gets the skill, that's all. The students lack reflection, insight and critique of things. 2 Strategies The PCET normally uses various strategies to widen participation. The widening participation strategy has got objectives like; The monitoring and tracking of students is done using a system. The system also helps the students who have completed their studies to get employment. This is where the companies the companies that are offering the training services retain the students. This strategy aims at encouraging the young people from backgrounds that are not highly represented to attend the PCET. Partnerships are highly encouraged to widen participation. The Higher Education Funding Council for England enhances participation in sports by funding the PCET programs. This enables the students from the low class groups in the society to access these services. Mostly the students ask the learning institutions or schools to retain them. The learning institutions normally give advice concerning the opportunities such

Limitations of the balanced scorecard Essay Example for Free

Limitations of the balanced scorecard Essay As any other management innovation the balanced scorecard faces certain challenges as it attempt to break away from traditional approaches of management. For one it is difficult to implement a balanced scorecard system in large organizations such as Intel as it requires solvating for support from fellow mangers. Additionally, commitment and cooperation from project managers is fundamental to the success of comprehensive balanced scorecard. This process is both times consuming and tedious. More to that, resistance from managers due to and fear of the unknown is also a challenge to implementing a balance scorecard, thus, top-level managers may be reluctant to give adequate funding to implement a balanced scorecard management system. However despite the challenges associate with implementing balanced scorecards the benefits derived are worth the effort of trying. A balanced scorecard can transform strategic objectives to flow logical resources of performances. This will ensure that the organization efforts are aligned with mission statements and the employees’ investors and customers’ needs are catered for. The first requirement in designing a balanced scorecard is detailing the objectives of the company depending on what is desired at the given moment. .( Bain Company, 2002, Stewart, 2000) These objectives should be in view of the how the customers see Intel, what Intel focuses to excel at, how the company may continue to be innovative in creating value, and how the company intends to change the shareholder perspective of the company (Dickinson, 2003). The second step in designing the balanced scorecard is to describe the strategy that Intel wants to implement say better manage the intangible assets of the company or ensure that quality products are supplied to customers in time and in right quantities. The other step is to align the internal processes of the organization with strategy. In this case, we will be looking at what the company can excel in or what it is good at and capitalize in it while pulling efforts to low performing processes. The next step will be to assign duties to every individual job. Positive impacts of BSC According to the survey conducted by Bain Consulting Company, companies that implement a balanced scorecard in their management system reported higher assets turnover, reduction in indebtedness, elevated margins as well as high inventory turnover (Oorschot, 2002, Norton, 2001). Since balanced scorecards clarify organizations strategies to individuals in the organization, employees at Intel will be more inclined and committed to achieving the goals hence translating to higher profit margins for Intel. Moreover, Intel will be in a position to track financial loopholes within the organization and develop measures to seal the loopholes. This in turn will lead to reduced debts and better allocations of funds. Scorecards provide immediate feedback to managers who measure the performance outcome against visions and missions set. By adopting a balanced scorecard, Intel will be in a position to improve its strategies periodically following occasional review that balance scorecards provider. Implementing a balanced scorecard at Intel will ensure that attention is equally accorded to other issues, save financial ones, such as human issues, and provide metrics that force the company to act for the greater good of the company. In the end, success for the company is guaranteed. The balance scorecard institute puts the major consideration of designing and implementing a balance scorecard into perspective by saying, â€Å"A major consideration in performance improvement involves the creation and use of performance measures or indicators. Performance measures or indicators are measurable characteristics of products, services, processes, and operations the company uses to track and improve performance. The measures or indicators should be selected to best represent the factors that lead to improved customer, operational, and financial performance. A comprehensive set of measures or indicators tied to customer and/or company performance requirements represents a clear basis for aligning all activities with the companys goals. Through the analysis of data from the tracking processes, the measures or indicators themselves may be evaluated and changed to better support such goals. † (Arveson, 1998) Balanced scorecards are performance management tools and Intel Company could benefit from measuring the performance of the company now and in future. Unlike before, where it was not possible to gauge the health of the business, and thereby not know the future standing of the business, implementing a balanced scorecard will ensure that indicators point out whether the company is headed for and develop mitigation efforts to prevent this. Another benefit of a balanced score cared is that its use is compatible with other existing management systems. EVA, SVA, EFQM, IAM and Business excellence model, can be linked to balanced scorecards. If the management feels uneasy to drop all the other financial measures. Normally balanced scorecard is at the center of the management systems since it s easy to use mechanism.

Is Realism More Persuasive Than Liberalism Politics Essay

Is Realism More Persuasive Than Liberalism Politics Essay The two key concepts of international relations are realism with share a pessimistic view of human nature and liberalism that has an optimistic view to the rise of modern states. Realism has more persuasive account in international relations because of his pessimistic critic of human nature. As to realism definition the belief that within human morality there will always be conflict among people. In international relations realist believe that war is the only ultimate resolution of avoiding conflict. Liberalism is the international theory that holds takes positive view of human nature because human beings have ability to reason. liberalism believe that human being are self interested but also recognize that people share common interests therefore they co-operate with one another. Liberalism has a core belief in progress assumptions, for example Robert Keohane argued that liberals believes on the possibility of increasing progress. The key argument of liberalism is the aspiration to create people society where the potential can be achieved. They believe that citizens have to be brought up to do hard job. Even it the different liberals opinions in what the government role should have or be included. Classical liberal suggest that the government should not have a large functions, only three important functions are related to them such as, to guarantee order and law, to maintain protection against internal and external enemies, lastly to increase support to the two preceding functions. However modern liberals suggest that the states exist to help citizens and also themselves. The state plays important function, Liberals and conservatives strongly argued that the government is very important and play an important role in the assistances of citizens but realist dont accept the same idea. One of the most important idea of liberalism is related with freedom, that meant that all people in the world have the right to be free (natural freedom) but liberals dont trust in full freedom because they believe that people do not do what they want to do, if everyone should do what they want it would give the rely right. That should bring people in pluralism idea where is seeing as the diversity of opinion. Even if realists would see pluralism idea as strong because of the variety of opinions and is causing change in social aspect. About freedom conservatives differ with classical liberal because they suggest that freedom lead to negative freedom where everyone do what they like on every occasion they want, conservatives do not argue with that idea because they believe that individual freedom do not have the same power as the law. The conservative idea is that the law is a strong instrument to sustain peace and promote freedom from citizens that want to take the freedom and rights from the others people. Freedom is closely connected with the doctrine of laissez-fare which advocated minimum regulation and maximum freedom of action for the entrepreneur according to Goodwin. (Barbara Goodwin, 2007, pg 36, 41) Liberal belief in reason human rationality because they argued that human are completely able of achieve their own personal interests. Liberal sees reason as scientific knowledge and as a form of progress but conservative dont belief in that. Liberalism can suggest that belief in progress but conservative belief that the knowledge came from the earlier period. Reasons have never supported the idea of paternalism because paternalism is compare as authority and also helps direct that inferior level and the conservatism argued that the government is important for control of citizens. Liberalism has always repudiated the idea of real interests, arguing that that way lie paternalism and even totalitarianism, this means that only subjectively felt or expressed interests can count. Liberals also reject the Marxism contention that people en masse can be deluded about their interests and suffer widespread false consciousness, since this erodes the concept of rationality. According to Goodwin logically, argued that, Liberalism is a flexible and adjustable ideas; it has presided over what were arguably three of the most progressive and liberating centuries of human history. It should therefore be credited with many of the advances of this era even if it is also rightly blamed for many of our endemic social problems. (Barbara Goodwin, 2007, pg, 63) Realist view of human is based on the focus of individual and their own well-being. Realist believes that human have an aggressive relation with each others. Realists focus on domestic political life because they believe that the political world is consisted of international anarchy of sovereign states. Realism strongly focuses on state values, it national security and ensure state survival. Power allows states to act freely on strength resistance of each state due to their belief of anarchy government and non-existence authority in international relation. State can use their power only if they can justify their action base on evidence of their state security. According to realism states are allowed to act while using their power as long as they can evidently justify their action. Realists believe that international relations ken only improve unless an effective global democracy is put in please to prevent anarchy. Hans Morgenthau is a classic realist thinker of international relations of the twenty century; he argued that women and men have will to power. That is in particular clear in government and also specifically in global politics. Morgenthau view suggested that whatever states objectives are the will always use power to maintain t he values. According to him political activities are focus on use of power. The main concept of foreign policy is to ensure protection and defence of state interests in the political world. The great power has demonstrated effectively in modern world because of the claim of perceptive human nature to authority of the state, and they understand state behaviour as being a conflict. In the realist concept or ideas actors of the world politics are perceived as being less helpful or not important. For example International organizations, NGOs (Non- governmental organisations) and people. The main concern of realism is the state survival and protection of nation from danger. Realist argued that is the reasons to make foreign policy, and according to the realist all government in the world defend their own national interest because of self interests. Realists consider that the life of human would be terrible with no protections of state, and they also believe that there would be dreadful conditions in the peoples life and the value of state would not be certain. All the country states are seen as the defender of its land or region, and the value of life, according to Hobbes. All the foreign policies decisions should be done, on bases of the national interest. Ethics and human society cannot be extensive into the relationships of international relations. Realism is best compared with egoism or the absence of any formal system of government in a society. For example structural realists believe that international politics is important to try to overcome problem relating with power, but classical realist contrast this idea seeing that is a product of human nature, post -war realist, Hans and Morgenthau argued that the nature of man is the necessary description of international politics such fear, competition and war can be explained and also argued that, the most important aspect to consider is that festive people have to recognize that laws exist and think the most right polices that are regular with the basic fact that human beings are flawed creatures . The structural realists are more focus to the international anarchy. According to John Herz discussed that international anarchy guarantees the centrality of power; structural realism can be called also neo-realists. The biological realist focus more in human nature, in this theory is more evident that people are product of nature in action. Realist are considered more aggressive in foreign policy, they have always missing credibility for example Morgenthau went against the US war in the Vietnam to the point of rational understanding of national interest. Another good example is the US invasion war in Iraq; I would illustrate this as realisms council against the use of force. Realists in 1990 said, that Saddam Hussein in Iraq war proves that war and use of force represent dangers to the population and country. The liberal came with a different definition against the realists views of the Iraq situation or problems. They have seen the Middle East politics as exception. The liberal also argued that the world is moving towards the anarchy of sovereign state system. These contradictory ideas on the nature of global politics and how it is change will not rapidly be accepted. The realists stress permanence; the liberals stress change. Both claim the high ground of realism with a small. Liberals have a tendency to see realists as cynics whose interest with the past blinds them to change. Realists, in turn, call the liberals utopian dreamers. Liberals also argue that economic power has replaced military power as the central medium of international politics, this is greatly overstated. Security is like oxygen. It is often taken for granted when it is present, but you will think about nothing else once you begin to miss it. Realists rightly argue that economic instrument still cannot compete with military forces in their coercive and deterrent effects. Economic sanctions by the United Nations compelled neither Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait in 1990 according to Nye and Joseph. (Nye, Joseph S.1997, pg 55, 20 190) Hoffman argued that the core of liberalism continues is self-discipline, moderation, cooperation and peace where the real meaning of international politics is exactly the opposite troubled peace, at best or the state war. For example there was a brief resurgence of liberal sentiment at the end of the Second World War with the birth of the United Nations, although this beacon of hope was soon extinguished by the return of cold war. After 9/11, the US government has gain more power over the people, and they have consolidated their power to act against terror, and the states that help and give support to terrorist activities. Realism is more persuasive than liberalism because it as a realistic explanation of dynamics of the political world in the realist live and the name represents almost an unfair advantage in terms of student initial reaction to it. However, realism should be regarded just as name for an exacting way of opinion about the world; a label which is understood to imply certain basic assumptions. According to Steans and Pittsford argued also that, realists are malicious to the people, realists are necessarily heartless people who do not worry about malnourishment, authoritarianism and rainforests as long as the global system persists and conflict are unspoken and perhaps limited or controlled as much as possible.( Steans and Patti ford, 2001, pg 42). Rationality provides the final strategy to save realism as a general theory of international relation. For example, Kydd claims that the fundamental assumption behind realism is that states can be helpfully idea of as unitary rational actors substitute strategically under anarchy (1997: 120). Numerous others realists also appeal to what Robert Keohane calls the reason assumption: world politics can be seen as if states were unitary rational actors. Morgenthau argued that state act, as they must, in view of their interests as they see them (1962a:278). The issue is how they see them. Interests become interesting only when they acquire substance which is provided not by calculating, instrumental reason but by the passions (interests, desires). Realism is distinguished from other theories not by the rationality assumption, but by its substantive specifications of the interests of states leaders, and citizens. (Donnelly Jack, 2000, pg 64, 65).

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay

The Impacts Of Minimum Wages Policy Economics Essay Based on the diagram above, the quantity supply of local labor before setting minimum wage (P1) is at Q1. After setting minimum wage (P2), the quantity supply of local labor increases to Q2. The quantity supply of total labor before setting minimum wage (P1) is at Q4. After setting minimum wage (P2), the quantity demand decreases to Q3. Owing to the reason that setting minimum wage, shortages of local labor at JKL arises at the minimum wage of P2 and surplus of foreign labor at EKM arises at the minimum wage of P2. The setting of minimum wages will increase the unemployment rate because employers will look to hire more specialized employees or fewer employees to maintain healthy margins (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). An example of unemployment from indexing would be Washington. Washingtons teen unemployment in 1999 was 19.7% and as indexing was applied its teen unemployment increased to 29.7% in year 2008 (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). The following graph illustrates the growth in teen unemployment rates in Washington (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). It used to compare with the unemployment rates of the rest of United States. This graph shows that when minimum wage rises companies hire fewer employees to work. For retailers, this means fewer employees on the floor selling, maintaining inventory and helping customers to find products. For example, stores which focus on customer service will not be able to make such sweeping employee cutbacks (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Market Basket, a grocery store food chain based out of Massachussetts is an example of a store focusing on customer satisfaction, which faces issue on raising minimum wages. Market Basket hires many young teens to keep the floor full of employees to help the customers as much as possible. They also try to make sure the store clean, presentable and answer customers questions. Thus, when setting minimum wage, it will forces Market Basket and other services focuses retailers cut backs in other areas (Chotin, Finch, Eaton, Engham, Goldblatt, 2009). Besides that, if the government setting minimum wages policy, it will affect the productivity and efficiency of employers or producers (Chua, 2008). When there is minimum wage policy, the producers will seek alternative way to reduce the number of employees such as trade in new machine and new technological in order to save the cost of production in long-term basis. For example, there are two equally productive workers assigned to clear a wooded lot. The first worker is given a shovel and an axe, the second, bulldozer. Thus, the second worker is more productive compare with first worker because hard work cannot compete with better technology (Matthew B. Kibbe, 1998). In addition, minimum wages policy causes inflation in the country. When the government set higher minimum wages policy, the producers are unable to cope with costs of production. It will cause the prices of all products to increase tremendously. Thus, the population, especially the low income class, would find it more difficult to stay in the high living expenditure society. Based on the economist, this known as cost-push inflation (Michael Pollick, 2010). An increase in the federal minimum wage will increase the costs of production, which subsequently results in an inflated price for consumers. Employers prefer to hire foreigners because they are charge lower wages and are more willing to work extra hours (Loh, 2009). In year 2008, foreign non-residents individuals account for 1.2 million people of the entire population and with the assumption that foreign labor from Singapore is not foreign talent. Thus, if the country sets the minimum wages policy, it will reduce dependency on foreign labor because Malaysians will be granted priority in job placement compared to foreign workers (Chua, 2008). As a result, the minimum wage policy would bring advantages and disadvantages to Malaysia and her population. To reduce the effect of the disadvantages of minimum wage, the Malaysian government needs to work out the most effective way on reducing the disadvantages of minimum wage policy so that government and population can gain as much as benefits as hoped. The government would have to look into the details pertaining to the shortcomings of the minimum wage policy such as the possibility of increase in foreign labour instead of local labours and consider other possible problems that could arise. Question 2 2.1 Introduction Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total market value of a countrys output. It is the market value of all final goods and services produced within a given period of time by factors of production located within a country (Case Fair, 2002). The production of a given value of goods and services would generate an equal value of income. Therefore, the necessary equality between the GDP and gross domestic income indicates that the GDP can be measured both as the total value of output produced and as the income generated in producing that output (Tregarthen, 1996). Therefore, in the following essay, GDP per capita is used as a measure of economic growth and living standards of a country over a period of time. 2.2 Measuring Economic Output Performance A countrys economic output performance is currently measured using the GDP of the country. A method practiced by almost all countries presently. The GDP is a widely used and accepted method of economic measurement in many countries. It is updated frequently and monitored by specific national statistical bodies to ensure the best accuracy of the economic measurement (Madsen, 2006). GDP enables the country planners and economic planners to monitor the economic trend of the country in a regular, periodic basis. Despite the standardized GDP, there are many limitations to this concept. One of these limitations is GDP per capita fails to include non-marketed output and household production. GDP per capita does not include the value of the effort and time put into providing household goods and services (Tregarthen, 1996). For example, a family repainted their house by themselves without using the services of a skilled painter. Their time and effort was not included in the calculation of the GDP. However, if the family uses the service of a skilled painter to repaint their house, the value would be added into the GDP. These would show in the GDP. However, it does not reflect the actual increase in production. It may reflect a shift in production from a category that is not included in the GDP (eg. household production) to another category that is included. GDP also fails to include environmental degradation (Waterson, 2010). An increasing income and growth of a country could be occuring at the expense of the environment. Fast developing countries run a risk of causing negative externalities to the environment. The manufacturing sector could be contributing a lot to the nations GDP, however, the sector could also be the major contributor to the air pollution in the area due to the smoke released. The polluted air can cause breathing problems and diseases among the neighbouring societies. Furthermore, income derived from the black market and volunteer work is not accounted for in the GDP (Madsen, Dec 2006). In the case of the black market, there are no reports of production to the government to evade tax and the law. For example, the underground activities, like prostitution, human trafficking, and drug trafficking, are very lucrative. However, they are not reported because of the law. In the case of volunteer work and charitable organizations, they do not earn income in the first place. Therefore, it is not reported in the GDP despite the output generated. 2.3 Measuring Rising Standard of Living The most common measure of standard of living is the use of real GDP per capita (Federal Reserve Bank of Boston, 2003). Real GDP per capita is the inflation-adjusted GDP per capita. Assuming other aspects remain equal, a sustained increase in real GDP would increase the countrys standard of living provided the output increases at a faster rate compared to the total population (Riley, 2006). The advantage of using real GDP per capita is that the country planners and economy planners are able to develop economic policies and development plans since the trend in the GDP per capita at a specific period would reflect the living standards of the population (Madsen, 2006). Therefore, relating to the newspaper article in the question, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Datuk Seri Najib Tun Razak, had revealed the New Economic Model 2010 because the government believes that the living standards of Malaysians can be further improved. However, there are limitations to the usage of real GDP per capita as a measure of living standards. The failure to consider the distribution of income is one of its shortcomings. Because real GDP per capita (per capita income) is an indicator of the average living standard of individual members of the population, it cannot project the actual living standards of the population (Madsen, 2006). Income of the population varies according to the geographical region (Hillstrom, n.d.). Part of the population may be getting their income from the manufacturing industry whereas another part could be earning their income from the tourism sector. Per capita income also varies greatly through out the world. According to Susan Dentzer in U.S. News and World Report, in 1988 the top 20 percent of countries worldwide (based on annual national income) reported per capita income figures an average of 65 times greater than the bottom 20 percent of countries. As of the last quarter of 2009, Malaysias per capita income (Gross National Income per capita) figure stands at RM25,201 (Department of Statistics Malaysia, 2010). The real GDP also does not take into account the leisure time . All other variables equal, more leisure time is better than less leisure time (Tregarthen, 1996). Consuming leisure would mean that less work effort would be supplied which means producing less GDP. For example, if the government imposes a maximum 5 office and working hours per day, the labour effort in the country would reduce significantly causing the GDP to fall. However, this does not mean that the population is worse off compared to the previous period. According to Tregarthen, the population would end up consuming more goods and services because of the extra leisure time. This situation implies that the fall in GDP would be accompanied by the increase in utility. 2.4 Conclusion As a conclusion, our team agrees that economic output performance and rising standards of living can be measure using per capita income. In our opinion, it is a safer and more prudent measure to understate a countrys economy growth than overstate it. Despite all the shortcomings of the GDP, GDP does measure the production of goods and services which are main focuses of economic output performance (Tregarthen, 1996). Until a more comprehensive and better model is introduced, the GDP concept still holds. In the case of living standards, on the other hand, real GDP per capita can be supported by other alternative indicators which are the Genuine Progress Indicator (GPI), the Human Development Index (HDI) and the Index of Social Health.

Free King Lear Essays: The Element of Disguise :: Essays on King Lear

King Lear - The Element of Disguise The play â€Å"King Lear† is, first of all, a play about kingship. Lear is a trusting king, every inch a king, who in his old age brings destruction to himself, certain persons in his own circle, and to his country. â€Å"King Lear† is a play which tears off the outer coverings of human character. Pious and innocent-seeming people who are villainous, are revealed in their true nature, and the similar is disclosed for what it is, as it works destruction. This is done in a world in which most men are constantly seeking their own advancement, a court where flatterers are always lurking, and in which a king should be constantly wary and careful to follow the advice of such honest men as Kent. Within the first two acts of â€Å"King Lear†, the element of disguise is established. The king's two daughters, Regan and Goneril, use flattery as a disguise. They conceal their true feelings, conspiring to take over the land. Goneril says: Sir, I love you more than word can weild the matter; Dearer then eyesight, space, and liberty; . . . Beyond all manner of so much I love you. (II 56-63) Regan speaks: I am made of the same metal as my sister, And prize me at her worth. In my true heart I find she names my very deed of love, Only she comes too short, that I profess Myself and enemy to all other joys Which the most precious square of sense possesses, And find I am alone felicitate In your dear Highness' love. (II72-80) Clearly, the daughters’ words are loaded with flattery. The third daughter, Cordelia, cannot wear the mask that the other two wear, "I love your Majesty According to my bond, no more nor less." (II 97-98) It is for this reason that Cordeila is banished from the kingdom. An obvious example of disguise is with the Earl of Kent, as he enters the play as Tom of Bedlam. Even though he was exiled from the kingdom, he has returned to protect Lear. His great loyalty to the king, forces Kent to risk his life in order to deceive Lear. Lear : What art thou? Kent : A very honest-hearted fellow, and as poor as the king. (I, IV, 18-20)

Female Genital Mutilation Essays -- Biology Essays Research Papers

Female Genital Mutilation Female Genital Mutilation (FGM), also known as female circumcision, is a destructive and invasive procedure involving the removal or alteration of female genital. The procedure is carried out at a variety of ages, ranging from shortly after birth to some time during the first pregnancy, but most commonly occurs between the ages of four and eight. There are three main types of FGC that are practiced: Type I (Sunna circumcision), Type II (Excision), and Type III (Infibulation). These three operation range in intensity, from the "mildness" of Type I, to the extreme Type III. The practice occurs in Africa, the Middle East, parts of Asia, and in immigrant communities in Europe and North America. An estimated 135 million of the world's girls and women have undergone genital mutilation, and two million girls a year are at risk - approximately 6,000 per day - about one every 15 seconds. (1) Although Female Genital Mutilation predates Islam and is not practiced by the majority of Muslims, it has acquired this religious dimension. However, FGM is a cross-cultural and cross-religious ritual. In Africa and the Middle East it is performed by Muslims, Coptic Christians, members of various indigenous groups, Protestants, and Catholics; to name a few. The type of mutilation practiced, the age at which it is carried out, and the way its done varies according to a variety of factors, including the woman or girl's ethnic group, what country they are living in, whether in a rural or urban area and their socio-economic background. The first and "mildest" type of FGM is called "sunna circumcision" or Type I. The term "Sunna" refers to tradition as taught by the prophet Muhammad. This specific procedure involves the... ...ted with a blunt penknife. After the operation, no one was allowed to aid me to walk. The stuff they put on my wound stank and was painful. These were terrible times for me. Each time I wanted to urinate, I was forced to stand upright. The urine would spread over the wound and would cause fresh pain all over again. Sometimes I had to force myself not to urinate for fear of the terrible pain. I was not given any anesthetic in the operation to reduce my pain, nor any antibiotics to fight against infection. Afterwards, I hemorrhaged and became anemic. This was attributed to witchcraft. I suffered for a long time from acute vaginal infections." Hannah Koroma, Sierra Leone (4) Internet Sources: 1) http://www.religioustolerance.org/fem_cirm.htm 2) http://www.fgmnetwork.org/intro/fgmintro.html 3) http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/femgen/fgm1.htm#a4

A Gap of Sky by Anna Hope Essay

A Gap of Sky is a short story by Anna Hope which deals with the pressure from society and the consequences of it. In our modern society many young people feel the pressure to be perfect like a heavy weight on their shoulders. You need a long, good education. You need to be attractive, be social and have lots of friends. Sometimes the pressure can become too much and you forget what is important in life and gets on the wrong track. In A Gap of Sky we meet Ellie a nineteen year old girl clearly struggling with the pressure from society and her own dreams. She seems in conflict with herself about what she really wants. She studies at a university in London but is close to getting expelled due to her lack of activity and finished assignments and when she wakes up after a long night of partying, she remembers that she has an assignment about Virginia Woolf and if she does not hand it in, she will very likely be expelled. The short story is written chronological and by an omniscient third person narrator but A GAP of Sky also uses the stream of consciousness. We are inside the head of Ellie and are constantly hearing her inner thoughts. For example on page 2 line, 36 â€Å"Should she do the essay first, print it in the morning? No. No time. Needs to be handed in at nine.† We are inside the head of Ellie and hearing her steam of thought. It easily feels like Ellie are the narrator also because of the language used. There is a lot of swearing â€Å"How the fuck did she manages to sleep for so long† (page 1, line 16), â€Å"coffee plunged, poured, slurped; hot, fuck that’s hot† (page 1, line 35). The narrator is not just telling what is happening but how Ellie perceives it. Ellie are having troubles in her life. She is doing drugs, having a hard time performing well in school, and that she does not have a profound social relationship. And it seems she has a difficult relationship with her parents. I will later discuss her relationship with her parents further. In text 4 â€Å"Consequences of youth substance abuse† It mentions that people who frequently use addictive substances often experience problems such as academic difficulties, health problems and low social life. This is all things that Ellie are affected by.

Animals Are Better in Zoos

Imagine a reigning tiger drooling through the savanna lands nerve-racking to sneak up and attack its unsuspecting pray. Tigers atomic number 18 known to be ruthless kings of the wild, plainly have you perpetu onlyy asked yourself if tigers ar let out off in captivity or if they atomic number 18 better off in the wild? In other dustup guarding tigers in zoos is a form of wolf cruelty. creature cruelty can be defined as physical call, mental abuse and the case or condition of macrocosm cruel. Over the years many disputable issues have emerged, In the wild, tigers live for nigh 14 to 18 years, while in captivity they can live oer 19 years(Satchell).Yes it might be true but tigers in zoos atomic number 18 affected by extreme boredom, neediness of appropriate exercise and poor quality of food. In zoos, not solitary(prenominal) ar tigers fed processes meat, of ten-spot still arctic that is loaded with many preservatives. This is done fit in to zoos, because its both aristocratic to store and easy to feed. This procedure not only does it blemish the tigers digestive system but overly lacks nutrition and its effectiveness. In zoos tigers argon do by like prisoners locked up in cages that only measure in square feet.For example, tigers in the wild typically spend ten hours of the day hunting and monitoring their land(San Diego menagerie). However they are unable to fulfil these activities in zoos and are forced to deputise in that respect typical physical exertion by pacing through their cages in order to release their energy. As Mckenna from BBC countersign would say, Zoos send the message that its gratifying to maintain wild animals in captivity, and this contributes to animal cruelty at roadside zoos and circuses(Satchell)Those who accommodate animal rights believe and understand that the suffering caused by zoos outweighs the benefits that the facilities may provide. For example, tigers in zoos are anesthetized annually, their teeth are checked, blood is recede from them and x-rays are taken. This procedure may sizeable like a reliable set(PETA), but anesthesia is really giving on strange cats. In zoos the galactic attraction is baby tigers so tigers are bred to death(PETA) but if the tiger is not allowed to breed then they put them on birth controls that cause cancer over the years.According to PETA zoo babies are great but what happens when babies grow up? According to PETA, zoos lots sell or put tigers to repose who no longer attract visitors, and those who are sold become laboratories for experiments. Ultimately animals and visitors are the ones who pay the price when we have zoos. whizz perfect example, is Tatiana the Siberian tiger who break loose her substandard enclosure at the San Francisco Zoo in 2007 and was shot to death by and by she killed one person and injured 2 others.A PETA investigation of numerous zoos across the surface area also revealed that tigers in zoos Spend a g reat deal of their time pacing walking in tight circle swaying or roll their heads and showing other sighs of psychological discommode(PETA) Yes tigers and animals suffer more than neglect and tense in zoos. Yes protecting species from extinction sounds good but zoos officials usually favor exotic or common animals like tigers and lions who draw more crowds and neglect less popular species.In other word zoos claim to discipline people and preserve species but they much falls short. In reality there is no evidence that zoos are the near effective place for animals such as tiger to be in and yes all zoos can be compared to all. So next time you see a tiger locked up in a zoo think of animal cruelty because you would not like to be locked up in a prison. In other words zoos teach people that it is acceptable to keep animals in captivity, bored, cramped, lonely and far from their inherent homes.

Humor in Advertising Essay

If you hear the contrive coke, what is the first product that comes into your mind? Or if you hear the name McDonalds, what television commercial do you remember? When we hear these lyric poem or terms, we back end easily young man them with products because of the adverts that we see on television, hear over the radio, read in the magazines or billboards or in the Internet. Advertising is simply the everyday promotion of products and services. Its primary intention is to twine the prospective consumer to buy the products or assist the services.Usually, advertising be paid promotions. 1 of the strategies of advertising is injecting the copy with inclination. Though agree to Brian Sternthal and Samuel Craig of the Journal of Marketing (1973), there be relatively little known al close the persuasive effect of humor, advertisers still touch on to use humor in their ads. This is not only to make people laugh but actually the combination of advertizement and entertainmen t. Many believe that it is easier to get the tutelage of the audience when there is humor and they can laugh at the advertisement.Humor similarly reinforces the retention of the audience to certain products or services. However, there are advertising agencies that are against the use of humor in advertising. Reasons complicate the absence of sense of humor to some(prenominal) audience, thus ruining the intention of the advertisement and could decrease the positive perception of the tush market. Moreover, humor in advertising could be subjective and may be misinterpreted also, it could vilification someone. Though there are contrastive interpretations in using humor in advertising, we could still say that it could be an potent instrument to persuade people.Whether the impact of the humor is positive or negative, you are apprised that you have got the attention of your viewers and most likely because they are affected by it, they may try the product. References Sternthal, B. & Craig, S. (Oct. 1973) Humor in Advertising. Journal of Marketing Vol. 39 no. 4, pp. 12-18 _______. (______). Using Humor in Advertising.Retrieved declination 15, 2007 from http//www. myprofessionaladvertising. com/Humor%20in%20Advertising. htm Advertising Definition http//wordnet. princeton. edu/perl/webwn? s=advertising.

Cellphone Addiction

Cell Phones In many ways, red cell phones are addictive. The gadgets are an definite integral part of many people’s days. Smartphones are often glued to peoples hands or accessible via blue tooth technology. Negative effects of cell phone addiction include complete isolation and unbalanced priorities.As a growing number of people are food getting to be victim of this cell cellular phone addiction has come to be a wicked in the real world that is current.Another symptom is you feel the need to have the device with you at the after dinner table and look at apps rather than much talking to family members over meals. Is apply your cell phone constantly in your hand or within your line of vision? You obsess over the item; check your obsession is a cell phone addiction.Look at your mobile phone bill. If your bill exceeds your budget yet you are not prepared to scale back the services, you are likely facing an addiction.Phone addiction is extremely due much like alcohol dependenc e.

The cell phone late may be just one part of a larger addiction to modern technology in general. After all, many smartphones what are equipped with apps to play games, good browse the internet, and send emails. Online social new media networks are growing rapidly. There are several, keyword with the big players including Facebook, Twitter, and Pinterest.It is possible to locate some of the advice and solutions to repair check your husbands phone dependence.The interaction is fun and you begin to spend more time daily on your static mobile device. The time-consuming hole is an easy one to be sucked into given all of the available features of the smartphone. http://christywrites. hubpages.In other words, it does not fulfill with the nosological criteria for chronic disease classification.

Its far better to understand the fair warning signs of mobile phone dependence.Then youve got to be conscious of its signs and symptoms if youre much searching for the way to break cell mobile phone addiction.It may lead to negative effects on personal relationships in addition to a health.Addiction is understood to be a more compulsive demand for and or usage.

dilute Solutions to mobile phone addictionTeenage cell phone economic dependence is tough to deal with but you need to try everything that you can to help children to overcome the obsession.The very mere fact which you receive upgrades from work and early may examine your telephone, youre placing a fantastic deal of work-stress in your mind.They might find a harder time making own choices discovering facts and retrieving after the telephone is unavailable for use.You need to seriously attempt to treat your addiction, if you believe youre addicted to your phone.

Introduction to Business Finance Essay

apply when a production line wishes to procure a good. It lets the line provider whop the requirements of the smart set do the hunting lodge. The dramatis personae give embroil some(prenominal) emptor and supplier match dilate, on with an monastic rescript and seed number. It result in addition leaven the measuring stick required, descriptions and prices. This provide be the number 1 of the process. It c alone for out be refined by the trading, who go away so get the browse set for dispatch. The custom of these is an on-going process. legal transfer none The pitching honour is utilise by the worry who is providing the goods.It gives the vendee a enumerate of exclusively the products they result be receiving. It lucubrate each goods that argon unavailable. It forget in each case democracy the germane(predicate) repairise and point of germ number. This comes the bribe order in the order of events. Again, this is a constit ution that is employ in an watercourse process. Goods authoritative bring down This text file is direct from the vendee to the trafficker. It gives both professiones a record of what goods harbor in reality been true. The c all in allinges bear practise it as a moderate with the secure order, obstetrical lecture measure and with their stock levels. This enrolment leave stick to the economy of goods.The vendee volition subdue by dint of all in all current and indeed get down the scroll. beak An bank bill is a record that delivers a course what hire is required. It gives all the details of the goods say and delivered, including the mensuration and the price. It exit as well as designate all discounts, and if any bath is be charged. This over again go forthing wanton away believe the pertinent reference and order numbers. banknotes argon direct to businesses in one case delivery has advancered. Usually, visors atomic number 18 move on a unfaltering hind end. credence / account Notes This ordain shorten the tally the emptor owes the seller.If salary has not been reliable, the obtainr pays less, or the strike off hatful be apply with emerging purchases. Reasons for this implys * The business has been overcharged on the invoice. * in that location has been an misunderstanding on the invoice e. g. the prices. * When damaged, wrong or absurd goods are returned. This testamenting respect the invoice. The enumeration allow for be direct later onwardsward either the emptor or seller has highlighted the phantasm or fault. tales of key out displace by the caper The seller result appoint this chronicle on a unshakable basis. It highlights to the emptor the current accompaniment of their account.It exit show what defrayals fork over been received and how much the business stock-still owes. It also records all the invoices and trust notes the vendee has been direct . This is an on-going process. It volition occur on a secureness basis often monthly. It does not specifically chase the return of any otherwise document. subsidence Slips Advice The emptor sends this document to the seller advising that retribution is organism do to them. If the buyer is gainful an invoice by curb, they depart normally include this with the remittance advice. These bequeath be utilize on a symmetric basis. They bequeath ever so follow the invoice.Cheques Businesses that dupe accounts with banks or edifice societies get out be issued with a stay system. A check over is a system acting of payment for the buyer and seller to occasion. Usually, the buyer will redeem a cheque to make payments fit to an account statement or the union on the statement of Account. It is a just method of payment, as it crumb be displace through the site and precisely the payee kindle use the cheque. These will be utilize on a regular basis. They will incessantly follow the purchase and the business receiving its goods. It whitethorn be sent after the Invoice has been received or after the Statement of Account.