Aed01

AED-01 Bachelor’s Degree Programme (BDP) Also for: B. Com (A & F) B. Com (CA & A) B. Com (F & CA) ASSIGNMENT 2012-13 Application Oriented Course AED-01: EXPORT PROCEDURES AND DOCUMENTATION For July 2012 and January 2013 admission cycle School of Management Studies Indira Gandhi National Open University Maidan Garhi, New Delhi-110 068 Application Oriented Course AED-01: Export Procedures and Documentation ASSIGNMENT – 2012-13 Dear Students, As explained in the Programme Guide, you have to do one Tutor Marked Assignment in this Course.Assignment is given 30% weightage in the final assessment. To be eligible to appear in the Term-end examination, it is compulsory for you to submit the assignment as per the schedule. Before attempting the assignments, you should carefully read the instructions given in the Programme Guide. This assignment is valid for two admission cycles (July 2012 and January 2013. ) The validity is given below: 1. Those who are enrolled in July 2012, it is valid upto June 2013. . Those who are enrolled in, January 2013 it is valid upto December 2013. You have to submit the assignment of all the courses to The Coordinator of your Study Centre. For appearing in June Term-end Examination, you must submit assignment to the Coordinator of your study centre latest by 15th March Similarly for appearing in December Term-end Examination, you must submit assignments to the Coordinator of your study centre latest by 15th SeptemberNote : In case you receive the study material and assignments late, you can submit the assignment responses within one month after receiving the study material. 2 TUTOR MARKED ASSIGNMENT Course Code Course Title Assignment Code Assignment Coverage : : : : AED-01 Export Procedures and Documentation AED-01/TMA/2012-13 All Blocks Maximum Marks : 100 Attempt all the questions 1. 2. Describe the various kinds of commercial documents used in export. Discuss the significance of commercial invoice and bill of lading. 10+10) (a) Describe the various factors which may motivate a firm to export. (b) Discuss the methods of dispute settlement in international trade. (10+10) (a) (b) Discuss the foreign trade policy related to export. What do you mean by cargo insurance? Why should the goods be insured? 3. (10+10) 4. Distinguish between the following: (a) FOB Contract and CIF Contract (b) Total Loss and Particular Loss Write short notes on the following: (a) Export Licensing (b) Procedure for Claiming Duty Drawback (10+10) 5. (10+10) 3

Revenue recognition Essay

The study has been conducted to have a view on Revenue Recognition and how is important for entities in financial reporting and the link between revenue recognition and creative accounting. The primary issue in accounting for revenue is to determining when to recognize revenue. Revenue is recognized when it is probable that future economic benefits will flow to the entity and these benefits can be measured reliably. There are identifiable criteria to be met and for revenue to be recognized. By definition, Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits during the period arising in the course of the ordinary activities of an entity when those inflows result in increases in equity, other than increases relating to contributions from equity participants. The entities revenue may be arising from the transactions and events, such as the sale of goods; the rendering of services; and the use by others of entity assets yielding interest, royalties and dividends. The recognition criteria usually applied separately to each transaction. However, in certain circumstances, it is necessary to apply the recognition criteria to the separately identifiable components of a single transaction in order to reflect the substance of the transaction transactions are dealt with shall be measured at the fair value of the consideration received or receivable. Fair value is the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction.1 Creative on the other hand refers to the use of accounting knowledge to influence the reported figures while the jurisdiction of accounting rules and laws, so that instead of showing the actual performance or position of the company, they reflect what the management want to tell the shareholders. It is the transformation of financial accounting figures from what they actually are to what preparer desires by taking advantages of the existing rules and /or ignoring some of them2. There are number of ways management can use to practice Creative accounting such the choice of accounting policy and also the use of artificial transactions to Revenue Recognition. The focus of this study lies more on the Revenue recognition a tool of creative accounting. The Management objective is to maximize shareholders wealth. Sometimes Organizations performance do not always be good to meet this objective, Management may use creative accounting tactics to create a good image of company (find ways to improve results) to meet the objective of shareholders. Also Management use creative accounting to maximize for their own wealth maximization, among other thing is end bonus and salaries increments Literature Review Revenue recognition Financial reporting statements are tools to communicate entity performance to internal and external users of its financial results information. Revenue recognition is important aspect of organizational. The performance organization is measured based on the results from its operations activities and the bottom line (the profit) plays a significant role. Revenue is determinant of performance of Organization since the profit which is indicator of organizational performance is the results of the Organization’s total revenue less total costs.Internation Accounting Standard (IAS) 18 Revenue recognition, specify criteria to meet for revenue to be recognized in Financial Statements. By definition, Revenue is the gross inflow of economic benefits (cash, receivables, other assets) arising from the ordinary operating activities of an entity (such as sales of goods, sales of services, interest, royalties, and dividends) Recognition of revenue, recognition, as defined in the International Accounting Standard Board (IASB) Framework, means incorporating an item that meets the definition of revenue (above) in the income statement when it meets the following criteria, that: Its probable that any future economic benefit associated with the item of revenue will flow to the entity, and the amount of revenue can be measured with reliability. As mentioned, each activity has its recognition criteria on top of the one mention. These are as follows; Sale of goods  Revenue arising from the sale of goods should be recognized when all of the  following criteria have been satisfied: i. The seller has transferred to the buyer the significant risks and rewards of ownership ii. The seller retains neither continuing managerial involvement to the degree usually associated with ownership nor effective control over the goods sold iii. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably  iv. It is probable that the economic benefits associated with the transaction will flow to the seller, and v. The costs incurred or to be incurred in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably Rendering of services For revenue arising from the rendering of services, provided that all of the following criteria are met, revenue should be recognized by reference to the stage of completion of the transaction at the balance sheet date (the percentage-of-completion method) i. The amount of revenue can be measured reliably; ii. It is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the seller; iii. The stage of completion at the balance sheet date can be measured reliably; and iv. The costs incurred, or to be incurred, in respect of the transaction can be measured reliably. When the above criteria are not met, revenue arising from the rendering of services should be recognized only to the extent of the expenses recognized that are recoverable (a â€Å"cost-recovery approach) Interest, royalties, and dividends For interest, royalties and dividends, provided that it is probable that the economic benefits will flow to the enterprise and the amount of revenue can be measured reliably, revenue should be recognized as follows: i. Interest: using the effective interest method ii. Royalties: on an accruals basis in accordance with the substance of the relevant agreement iii. Dividends: when the shareholder’s right to receive payment is established Creative Accounting Creative accounting refers to the use of accounting knowledge to influence the reported figures, while remaining within the jurisdiction of accounting rules and laws, so that instead of showing the actual performance or position of the company, they reflect what the management wants to tell the stakeholders. Purposeful intervention in the external financial reporting process with the intent of obtaining some exclusive gain. There are some many ways management can use to practice creative accounting such as choices of accounting policies, use of artificial transactions and revenue recognition. In this study, our main focus will be on later, the revenue recognition. Revenue Recognition is the most manipulated item. Deloitte on its review on what fraud scheme are most common, revenue recognition represent 41% of all fraud schemes in United States between 2000-2006.For Many Companies the revenue figure is a single aggregated big number. Creative accountant has always known that, one of the ways to inflate profit is to inflate revenue. In achieving this goal first they manipulate fair value measurement criteria. The criteria are subjective and depend upon the parties to the transactions integrity. The fair value determination is based on knowledge and willingness of the parties to the transactions. Secondly they recognize revenue before it is earned i.e. pre mature recognition of revenue. In complex transactions which involves the lengthy stages of sale especially with accrual system. The recognition of revenue in terms of its timing can be very unclear, therefore the opportunity for manipulation occurs and this can facilitate premature recognition of revenue. Before looking how revenue recognition link with creative accounting, first we have to look the motive behind Creative accounting. Dr. Syed Zulfiqar Ali Shah and Dr. Safdar Butt in their article Creative Accounting: A Tool to Help Companies in a Crisis or a Practice to Land Them into Crises which also appeared on NBAA journal No.28 of April-June 2010states and explains the following as motives for creative accounting. To meet internal targets The managers want to cook the books for meeting internal targets set by higher management with respect to sales, profitability and share prices. Meet external expectations. Company has to face many expectations from its stakeholders. The Employees and customers want long term survival of the company for their interests. Suppliers want assurance about the payment and long term relationships with the company. Company also wants to meat analyst’s forecasts and dividend payout pattern. Provide income smoothing. Companies want to show steady income stream to impress the investors and to keep the share prices stable. Advocates of this approach favor it on account of measure against the ‘short-termism’ of evaluating an investment on the basis of the immediate yields. It also avoids raising expectations too high to be met by the management. Taxation The creative accounting may also be a result of desire for some tax benefit especially when taxable income is measured through accounting numbers. Change in management There is another important tendency of new managers to show losses due to poor management of old management by some provisions Revenue Recognition as method for Creative accounting practices There are number of ways management use to conduct creative management, among them is revenue recognition. Firms virtually have a free hand in timing the booking of their revenues at any stage starting from the moment sales contracts are signed till the promised product or service has been fully delivered to and accepted by the clients. For this we can refer to a classic example of Microsoft which was heavily fined by US SEC for its manipulative revenue recognition policy. Microsoft recognized only a small percentage (20-30%) as revenue at the time of the sale and remaining amount was kept as provision for future after sales services. Why Microsoft adopted that strategy. The answer is to (1) hide substantial profits, (2) signaling effects, (3) avoiding complacency and last but not the least (4) to report smoothed  earnings to its shareholders & stakeholders.3 Moreover, NBAA Account Journal vol.25 No 4 October –December 2010, outline ways in which Revenue Recognition can be used as a method of creative accounting. This include but not limited to Common revenue Manipulations and channel stuffing, Multiple element arrangements, side letters or agreement and non substantive round trip arrangement, Bill and hold arrangements, backdated contracts and Fictitious transactions Common revenue Manipulations Revenue recognition irregularities often involves both omission and commission acts which are inherently either or both inclusive and exclusive of creative accounting manipulation.In books and records include commissions such as false entries,misstated contracts,back dating,misapplication of accounting standards.Commissions result into overstated revenue,mis-timing of recognition,overstated receivables. Channel Stuffing Channel Stuffing is a practice of bringing revenue forward from future fiscal periods.This is done by inducing customers to submit purchase orders in advance.Channel Stuffing is an example of real earning management which involves manipulation of real or normal operations to influence reported performance. A good example of channel stuffing is Coca cola channel stuffing practice of 1997 to 1999 where coca cola offered downstream bottlers extended credit to induce them to purchase more than demanded. Multiple element arrangements, IAS 18 provides guidance on revenue gain from the normal sale of goods and provision of services. The complex issues that arise from the principle-agent relationship and multiple element arrangement .The revenue collected for third parties is not to be recognized by an entity.For example, in a telecommunication industry, operator firm form alliances and enter into Side letters or agreement This involves act of seller to credit the buyer for unsold goods or to provide future stock rotation rights or to extend payment terms such that a transaction becomes a consignment Bill and hold arrangements, This include the sale of product and performing the warehousing service for the product.It is a contract of supplying goods where the seller transfer the title but does not transfer physically deliver the goods until a later date. The bill and hold arrangement are popular in the oil and gas industry as well as international sales.They are only acceptable when it is probably that the delivery will be made,the items on hand is identified and ready for delivery to the buyer at the time when sale is recognized, the buyer specifically recognizes the differed delivered instructions and the usual payment terms apply. The sale on bill and hold arrangement must satisfy conditions that the seller only retains the goods for safe keeping and shipping and the goods must not used by the seller to fulfill other orders. When these condition are met then sales can be recognized on a bill and hold arrangements. In practice these rules can be violated by seller and this go to be an act of creative accounting. The specific case in point would be on timing of the recognition between years as the transfer of risks and rewards can be distinguish and difficult to uncover. Therefore due to this the Revenue recognition can be shifted forward or backward to suit the needs of the creative accounting. Backdated Contracts Backdating of revenues contracts facilitates early recognition of revenue than normally expected recognition date. Company must comply with any laws, rules and regulations relating to dating documents used in business. Any departure from this may attract litigation because such backdating may amount to fraud, forgery and criminal offenses. Recognition of revenue earlier than its expected date act as a method of creative accounting because the financial statements for early recognition period will not present a true and fair value of the company’s performance, rather performance results from manipulated figure through creative accounting. Genuine Transaction Genuine transactions can also be timed so as to give the desired impression  in the accounts. As an example, suppose a business has an investment at historic cost which can easily be sold for a higher sales price, being the current value. The managers of the business are free to choose in which year they sell the investment and so increase the profit in the accounts Fictitious Transactions Financial Statements are inflated by recording sales of goods or services that never occurred or by inflating actual sales. This is one of the leading malicious manipulations than the other type of earning management because it engrosses documents falsification, forgeryand manipulation. On the other hand fictitious revenue can be accomplished with side agreements, contra agreements (sales that offset a purchase transaction) and conditional sales. Practical Example Xerox Corporation Source: The Wall Street Journal, February 6, 2001 Xerox Corporation had the habit of recognizing leasing payments as sales. In April 2002, after an investigation by the SEC, the American company was forced to reclassify its financial statements for the years 1997 to 2000 and reduce recognized revenues by US$3,000 million and profits by US$1,500 million, with equity being reduced in the same amount. As a result, the SEC fined Xerox US$10 million. By that time, the price of the company’s shares had plummeted from US$62 to US$4.5. How did this company manipulate its revenue figures? Xerox sold customers photocopiers under long-term agreements, in which the customers paid a sum of money to Xerox, part of which was to purchase the machine and the other part to cover repairs and maintenance on a long-term basis. This was not problematic in itself from a bookkeeping perspective, provided that the amount corresponding to the sale price of the machine was recognized as revenue in the first year, plus revenues corresponding to maintenance services in the current year, transferring the rest of the received amount to deferred Revenues, which, in turn, were recorded as sales in the year in which the repair services were rendered. So, if a photocopier, for example, is valued at US$100, and five-year maintenance costs US$50, the customer would pay Xerox US$150 when purchasing the machine. The correct accounting method for recording this operation, if the transaction were performed on 1 January, would be to recognize US$110 of sales in year 1 and US$10 of sales in each of the following four years. Accounting malpractice on the part of Xerox consisted in recognizing US$125 of revenues from the sale of the machine, thus undervaluing the amount of future repair services, recording US$130 as revenues in year 1 and deferring only US$20 over the remaining four years of the contract. In this way, it increased year 1profits substantially and reduced future profits. The total amount of the transaction in sales remained the same (US$150); the problem is simply the timing of the recognition of these sales ENRON Enron and other energy merchants earned profits by providing services such as wholesale trading and risk management in addition to developing electric power plants, natural gas pipelines, storage, and processing facilities. When taking on the risk of buying and selling products, merchants are allowed to report the selling price as revenues and the products costs as cost of goods sold. In contrast an â€Å"agent† provides a service to the customer, but does not take on the same risks as merchants for buying and selling. Service providers, when classified as agents, are able to report trading and brokerage fees as revenue. Enron’s method of reporting inflated trading revenue was later adopted by other companies in the energy trading industry in attempt to stay competitive with the company’s large increase in revenue. Enron’s use of distorted, â€Å"hyper-inflated† revenues was more important to it in creating the impression of innovation, high growth, and spectacular business performance than the masking of debt. Between 1996 to 2000, Enron’s revenues increased by more than 750%, rising from $13.3 billion in 1996 to $100.8 billion in 2000. This extensive expansion of 65% per year was unprecedented in any industry, including the energy industry which typically considered growth of 2-3% per year to be respectable for just the first nine months of 2001; Enron reported $138.7 billion in revenues, which placed the company at the sixth position on the Fortune global 500. Group Discussion Regarding Revenue Recognition The Management objective is to maximize shareholders wealth and this is achieved when the companies they are managing are performing well, recording high revenue figure and a good bottom line figure, the profit. Though this study we have learn that, Revenue recognition and Creative accounting is a tool which is much like a weapon. If used correctly it can be of great benefit to the user but if it is mishandled it can cause much harm. Many people are taking creative accounting as negative act; the image to their mind is that creative accounting is dishonest act and manipulation of figures. Though the study we have learned out that Creative accounting has both advantages and disadvantages. It can help the company to get out of a crisis than land them to a crisis. Therefore our discussion will focus much the advantages of creative accounting as the results of Revenue Recognition to the Organization. Not all aspects of revenue are covered under IAS 18 (Revenue Recognition), which give the room to management to use their judgments which will ends up with results favors position. For example IAS 18 provides guidelines on revenue gain from the normal sale of goods and provision of services. The revenue that arises from the principle-agent relationship and multiple element arrangement is not falls on the two. Deciding whether one operator is acting as an agent in delivering of services is subjective and unclear. Thus the decision will be based on matter of judgment and circumstances of situation. When Management use their judgment to recognize revenue for situation like this we can not say they have manipulated the figure, therefore creative accounting become advantageous to them. Creative accounting also can be used in genuine transactions. For example, the disposal of Investment, the authorization of sale lies on owners but the decision on when to sale is on hands of Management. For example, if the Company have investment of TZS 2m at historical cost which can be easily sold for TZS 3m in current Value, when authorized to sale, the Management of Company are free to choose in which year to sell the investment and to increase profit in the company results. Due to the tendency of Investors preference on smooth income to up and down  income, Management would like to dispose this Investment in the period when they see the entity’s performance is poor. The revenue from sale will help to boost their performance and end up reporting smooth income and help to meet expectations. This is creative accounting, but applied on genuine transaction and according to the requirement of the transaction. Revenue recognition acts as a method of creative accounting but on genuine transaction. The two examples we have discussed explain in brief how weapon, creative accounting could be beneficial to Company. When using creative accounting on in good manner, if the Company is in crisis, can help the company to acquire loans from Bank, to attract Investors and also to motivate employees because not only lenders and Invertors interested with Company Performance, Employees also interested to assure their job security and this is important because will enable the Company to retain their key personnel and also attract more qualified workers Conclusion Creative Accounting is both desirable and undesirable. It depends on the point of one’s argument. The practice of creative management has some advantages and disadvantages. Creative accounting is a tool which helps a company to get out of crisis than to land in it. It is much like a weapon. If used correctly it can be a great benefit to the user. Some advantages of creative accounting as a result of revenue recognition has helped to stabilize share prices, helps/helped companies to straighten their borrowing limits and rescue companies from hostiles takeover. On other hand it has brought more harm to companies especially through untimely corporate failures that have brought immense losses to various stakeholders. Also the improper use of such creative accounting practices had fooled both auditors and regulators in the past and it continues to do the same. The complex and diverse nature of the business transactions and the latitude available in the accounting standards and policies make it difficult to handle the issue of creative accounting. It is not that creative accounting solutions are always wrong. It is the intent and the magnitude of the disclosure which  determines its true nature and justification. Revenue recognition can as a tool can enhance both advantage and disadvantages of creative accounting. When Revenue recognition applied on genuine transaction and company end up with good results it enhance the advantages of using creative accounting practices but the worse of it is when it is used to recognize revenue on artificial transactions and fictitious transactions, this end up landing the company into crisis like ENRON, this is disadvantages of practicing creative accounting. REFERENCE 1. The Accountant. The Journal of the National Board of Accountants and Auditors Tanzania.No.4 October-December,2010 2. The Journal of the National Board of Accountants and Auditors Tanzania.Vol.25 No.28 April-June 2012 3. The Wall Street Journal, February 6, 2001 4. Oriol,Amat:Journal of Economic Literature classification: M41.Creative Accounting: Nature, Incidence and Ethical Issues

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Who Supported McCarthy's Anti-Communist Crusade Why Did They Support Essay

Who Supported McCarthy's Anti-Communist Crusade Why Did They Support It - Essay Example The more level heads in the widespread paranoia were themselves virtually immobilized. For the most part even liberals and dissenters were reluctant to seem to depart from the overriding anti-communist consensus of the period. McCarthy was not the one and only anti-communist champion, although he may very well have relished that illusion. The Senator's clout intensified with ease in the all-encompassing atmosphere of the Cold War and appeared to commandeer even the White House as his crusade attracted scores of opportunist politicians and uncritical conformists. Aside from the Republican position on the political expediency of an anti-communist platform that was ripe to discredit liberal Democratic policies and programs, any bold antagonist of McCarthy generally risked being inevitably targeted as a Communist supporter, and few wanted the unpleasant backlash. McCarthy's vitriolic accusations of communist subterfuge in government circles surfaced in a series of local campaign talks delivered in Wheeling, West Virginia, not too long after the House Un-American Activities Committee wrapped up an investigation of Alger Hiss, charged, largely through the backing of Representative Richard M. Nixon, as a Soviet agent on the basis of his alleged pro-Communist sympathies and activities many years previous. In fact McCarthy's rhetoric reiterated a conviction rampant in Cold War anti-communist politics and journalism that the enemy was within, slyly maneuvering and determining American policy. The difference here was that McCarthy in his authority as a US senator feigned to be very near to naming individuals, impudently insinuating that he was in the possession of damning evidence. Ultimately his specified numbers of communist infiltrators as two hundred five, and later fifty-seven, really had no factual proof to back them, but McCarthy's recurring mystifications and ambiguities built further hype through the rapt attention of the media in the course of his tour through other states and succeeded splendidly in generating a national uproar. Senior Republican politicians, while rescinding publicly from McCarthy's tactics, were inclined to welcome his targeted censures as a promising opportunity to seize the advantage for the Republican Party in the presidential race of 1952 following years of Democratic power. Heady with the response from his new-found national constituency, McCarthy publicly telegraphed President Truman to demand that he release the Administrations' Security files to Congress. McCarthy soon unearthed a long-extant record of suspect State Department employees dubbed the Lee List, actually compiled earlier by an former Red hunter know as Robert E. Lee. Incredibly, McCarthy, aware that attentive senators could easily see through his deception, coolly claimed he had raided State Department confidential files to expose the purportedly brand new intelligence. McCarthy banked heavily on power-hungry Republican political expedience to rule the day, and it did. The Senate Majority Leader acquiesced to Republican Kenneth Wherry's motion for an all-out inquiry into McCarthy's salient indictments and actually granted the investigating committee power to subpoena the Truman Administration's security files, with the exception of those against specific persons, which, by that fact, restricted any prospect of uncovering the fabrications in McCarthy's claims. Republicans Henry Cabot Lodge and Bourke B. Hickenlooper were members appointed to the committee who were politically sympathetic to McCarthy, and their strong party support abetted the Senator's confident self-importance over Democrats and others who sought to restrain his reckless

Androids History Essay Example for Free

Androids History Essay Apps can be downloaded from third-party sites or through online stores such as Google Play (formerly Android Market), the app store run by Google. In June 2012, there were more than 600,000 apps available for Android, and the estimated number of applications downloaded from Google Play was 20 billion. Android became the world’s leading smart phone platform at the end of 2010. For the first quarter of 2012, Android had a 59% smart phone market share worldwide. At the half of 2012, there were 400 million devices activated and 1 million activations per day. Analysts point to the advantage to Android of being a multi-channel, multi-carrier OS. HISTORY: Android, Inc. was founded in Palo Alto, California, United States in October 2003 by Andy Rubin,Rich Miner Nick Sears and Chris White to develop. Google acquired Android Inc. on August 17, 2005, making Android Inc. a wholly owned subsidiary of Google. VERSION HISTORY: Android has been updated frequently since the original release of Astro, with each fixing bugs and adding new features. Each version after Astro and Bender is named in alphabetical order. List of Android version code names: ? Android consists of a kernel based on the Linux kernel 2. 6, with middleware, libraries and APIs written in C and application software running on an application framework which includes Java-compatible libraries based on Apache Harmony. Android uses the Dalvik virtual machine with just-in-time compilation. The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture

Management of Site Staff and Direct Labour

Management of Site Staff and Direct Labour The physical resources in a construction project account for a considerable amount of money and time. It is fundamental to the success of a construction project that these physical resources are managed and scheduled properly. Patrick (2004) comments that resource management is one of the most important aspects of construction project management in todays climate because the construction industry is resource-intensive and the costs of construction resources have steadily risen over the last several decades. Good project management in construction must vigorously pursue the efficient utilization of labour, material and equipment. (Hendrickson, 2008) It is the role of the project manager and site management team to ensure that the three main physical resources: labour, plant and materials, are managed efficiently and effectively. Failure to do so will result in delays and often expense caused by situations like resource shortage, resource queuing, poor plant productivity and poor labour relations. According to the Chartered Institute of Building (CIOB), (2010 p67) the main roles of the project manager during the construction phase include; Ensuring contract documents are prepared and issued to the contractor. Reviewing the contractors construction schedule and method statements. Ensuring the contractors resources are adequate and suitable. Ensuring design information required by the contractor is supplied by consultants. These roles all include scheduling and management of physical resources, which include; Site staff and direct labour Plant Materials Information Sub Contractors These are similar to the 5 ms as specified by Griffith and Watson (2004 p118) When considering resources there are five factors to take into account (the 5Ms) Materials Manpower Machinery Money Management As labour constitutes a large percentage of the construction cost and the quantity of labour hours performing a task are more susceptible to the influence of management than are materials and plant, it is important it is managed correctly and efficiently. On this project Farrans manage many different sub-contractors who have a workforce ranging from 2 40 people, as these people are not under the direct control of Farrans management team it will be discussed in the next chapter Management of sub-contractors. The authors feel it is paramount to the success and profitability of a project to manage the workforce successfully as construction workforce especially in developing countries is not seen as an important input, although project labour generally make up the most variable and the largest percentage of total project costs(Journal of civil engineering and management 2008,p1). 3.1 Planning of Site Staff and Direct Labour Employed by Farrans Labour is usually planned for before the construction work begins using ASTA Power Project to construct a programme similar to that used to produce the construction program. By using this system it again allows the site team to highlight areas where a labour shortage might occur. In theory this program allows adequate time for the project manager to allocate more labour to labour intensive work; this is done by making a formal request to their head office team for extra labour. Ultimately it is the site mangers responsibility to ensure the site has an adequate workforce whether it is labourers or sub-contractors. The clerk of works also have an input and can offer their opinion on whether more labour is needed. At each monthly meeting a scheduled review should take place to determine the following months activities and to determine the resources needed. Farrans enforce and strictly adhere to the Construction (Design and Management) Regulations 2007 regarding health and safety. They value the health, safety and welfare of all people on their sites and are only too aware of the dangers that construction sites pose. Also as the main contractor they realize that a severe accident can cause delay or even shutdown of a site. Farrans recognise the importance of training and basic health and safety awareness. It is for this reason, that they enforce a policy where only people who hold a Construction Skills Register (CSR) card or equivalent are allowed to work on their sites. The aims of these registration schemes are to raise standards of health and safety and provide recognition of skills, experience and qualifications attained. To ensure all workers on site hold a valid CSR card, Farrans make it mandatory to provide proof before any operative can start work. In order to ensure that this is being enforced by the main contractor we will monitor the site induction file and do spot checks to ensure records are up to date and anyone not holding this card will not be permitted to work on-site. 3.2 Daily Allocation Sheets Each day the site manager in theory should hold two labour allocation sheets (a copy of which can be seen in appendix 3).; One created by the site manager for Farrans direct labour and one created by each individual sub-contractor which is then passed onto the project manager. This sheet contains the tasks done each day by each labourer as well as the number of hours spent doing that task. At the end of the week these sheets are forwarded to Farrans head office via citrix system, in order to calculate labourers weekly hours and pay. These sheets proof useful in order to evaluate labour productivity on-site. It provides valuable insight into how long a task should take, and can be helpful in forecasting the amount of labour for the following tasks. It also allows the site manager to check if any labourers are slacking, for example if it took one labourer, 2 hours, to do task A ,on week one then it should take the next labourer a similar time to do a similar job. 3.3 Discipline Management of labour inherently involves disputes among direct labour and between sub-contractors. It is the job of the site manager to mediate these disputes unofficially but were site rules are broken staff will face disciplinary proceedings. These matters must be resolved quickly in order to remain focused and on schedule. If further action is required the case will be dealt with by Farrans head office team. This two 3.4 Holidays and Training Farrans like most Northern Ireland construction companies, offer employees two week holidays twice a year at Christmas and the July fortnight. When time off is required outside these periods a holiday request form must be completed which is held in the site managers office. This request form must be submitted with details of time off and must give at least two weeks notice. This notice is used to find cover. 3.5 Conclusion and Recommendations One area of labour Farrans could improve on is employees motivation. Farrans do not provide overtime payment for their Site management team. Staff sign a contract which says they will not get paid for more than 39 hours work per week. Therefore employees have no incentive to work extra hours and may feel obliged to work more than 39 hours which will reduce motivation, especially as periods of the construction project will require 60 hours per week with no reward. Another recommendation we would make is that Farrans hold meeting between rank and file workers and their management team. This motivates site staff and makes them feel part of the team, as often rank and file workers feel uncomfortable with their boss. A research study into construction labour motivation carried out by the business roundtable (1989, online) found that; Workers who are actively involved in decisions that affect them are more receptive to change, work harder as they develop more enthusiasm, become more loyal to the employer, do not suffer from job alienation, experience greater job satisfaction, and show increased morale and creativity. Employers benefit from better worker-management relations, increased productivity and increased profits. Appendix for Management of Site Staff and Direct Labour Print- Copy of staff time sheet Daily diary issue 1 Daily diary completed Record of site operations 4.0 Management of Sub-contractors Many large contracting firms rely heavily on the involvement of sub-contractors in order to undertake large scale projects. A study carried out by Karim et al (2006,online) found that As much as 90 per cent of the construction work is carried out by a variety of subcontractors while the main contractor tends to focus on management and coordination. It is common in the industry for main contractors to operate solely as a management team, coordinating and scheduling sub-contractors on site. Sub-contractors are often specialised in one area, therefore they have the tools, experience and expertise to complete their task. This cannot be said for the main contractor. Sub-contractors have specialist expertise, usually trade related, for the supply and installation of an element of the total works (CIOB 2010,p69) The benefits of using sub-contractors are plentiful; it enables the main contractor to spread the risk by sub-contracting different elements of the project to sub-contractors at a reduced price than what they originally estimated the work for. Using specialist tradesmen allows for a higher quality of work by using specialist tools and equipment not available to the main contractor. Sub-contracting reduces the amount of supervision that the site manager has to supply, it also reduces the number of personnel that the site team must manage. It benefits the site manager in that there is one single point of contact for each sub-contractor and task. Sub-contracting can reduce the administration costs for the main contractor, for example the main contractor is not responsible for human resources, staff holidays, direct training etc for sub-contractors personnel. However, it must be noted that the main contractor is still responsible for the health and safety of the sub-contractors, health and safety responsibilities are defined by criminal law and cannot be passed from one party to another by law. The success of any construction project can be directly influenced by the performance of the sub-contractors. Therefore the success of a project can be directly related to how the main contractor manages sub-contractors. This view is shared by Ronchi (2006) who comments The success of a project is, to an extent, related to the degree of collaboration and coordination existing among the actors involved The main contractor has the ultimate responsibility to deliver on cost, quality and time and therefore if is paramount to manage the sub-contractors and the supply chain effectively. Management systems must be implemented to ensure the smooth coordination of sub-contractors onto and off the site. This should be dictated by the project master programme, as outlined in section 2 of this document. The site management team must be capable of arranging sub-contractors to ensure this process is free flowing and continual. The disruption of sub-contractors site schedules can cause major delays to the project, the site team must make amendments to the schedule when delays do occur or when tasks can be brought forward. This can reduce friction between sub-contractors and the main contractor and promotes Cooke and Williams view that (2004, p280) Good liaison and mutual respect must be established as early as possible in the contract period as possible and maintaining contact with subcontractors helps to build up an early working relationship 4.1 Management system employed by Farrans Farrans operate as a management team on their site, with the aim to keep direct labour to a minimum. Farrans use strict programmes and meetings in order to control sub-contractors and ensure the sub-contractor is meeting quality, time and specification targets. In order to satisfy Farrans Sustainable Procurement Policy they; Request details from Sub-Contractors regarding environmental policies, management systems, environmental breaches, and assess this information as part of our Company approval process Use local suppliers and Sub-Contractors where possible to minimise the environmental impact associated with transportation and to support the local economy 4.1.1 Meetings Meetings are required to maintain effective communications between the project manager, project team and the other parties concerned (CIOB 2010, p230) Meetings are in place to provide; effective communication between the main contractor and sub-contractor, address problems as they arise and to review progress as work continues. Farrans use two types of meetings; start up meetings and site meetings. Start up meetings Start up meeting take place after the sub-contractor has been chosen for the contract but before the sub-contractor starts work on-site. The meeting is held between the project manager, site manager, site engineer and sub contract manager. However in some cases not all members must be present only that of the project manager and sub contract manager is required. The aim of these meetings is to firstly build a working relationship between the site team and sub-contractor. It also provides a way of outlining the scope of the task and ironing out any grey areas are areas of uncertainty before work commences. It is the responsibility of the sub-contractor to provide all documentation relating to health and safety before site work begins, documentation includes: Method Statements Risk Assessments Insurance Documents Construction Skills Register Documents of the workforce The meeting will also outline the attendances that are required from Farrans, as well as the time frame of their element of the project. It is the responsibility of Farrans to notify the sub-contractor when they are due on site it is therefore important for them to know how much notice they require before they can come to site. Site Meetings Once the sub-contractor has begun work on-site they must attend weekly site meetings. This meeting is held by the site manager, project manager, site engineer and all sub-contractors manager. Other attendees might be the quantity surveyor, architect, designers etc. This meetings takes place on site usually on a weekly basis, they are used to monitor progress. It is the responsibility of the site manager to implement short term programmes derived from the master program . These weekly progress meetings enable Farrans to address any issues regarding programmes, it is also a useful way for sub-contractors to communicate between each other to make sure they are working in sync and that any delays which affect a follow on trade are communicated effectively. Any delay identified by the site team will be discussed at this meeting. It is normal at these weekly meeting for an informal question and answer session to take place, where different sub-contractors can air any issues relating to the project, the result of these sessions are useful in projecting progress and allows sub-contractors to address their time schedule, for example if the plasterer start in one weeks time, and it will take the electrician ten days to finish their first fix then action needs to be taken whether it be, delay the plasterer or else use more resources and men to stay on schedule. A weekly progress document is drawn up either before or after these meetings, as part of this document any health and safety issues are addresses including any accidents, near misses or complaints. 4.1.2 Inspection of Subcontractors Work Monitoring the actual progress of sub-contractors can prove troublesome for the construction manager, where the construction manager has no experience in that field. For example construction managers have various backgrounds whether that be; site engineer, foreman or tradesman. A foreman may be competent in assessing progress of the interior fit out but unable to project progress of the structure. It is for this reason that Farrans employ several other members to work on the project. They are known as clerk of works specialising in different elements of the project. These are broken down into mechanical and electrical, externals and fit-out. As the construction manager has not got the expertise or familiarity with this specialised work the clerk of works act as sub-contractor co-ordinators. Once one element of the sub-contractors work is completed, it will be visually inspected by the clerk of works for quality and specification and either passed off or rejected. Once the work is complete and ready to be signed off the clerk, engineer and sib-contract manager will sign the specific check sheets. 4.1.3 Work Packages Work packages are used to effectively manage sub-contractors more easily. It involves breaking down each task on the master program into specific sections and sub-sections, to which sub-contractors are assigned. An example of Farrans works package breakdown can be viewed in the Appendix at the end of this section.Associate Considerate Constructor 4.1.4 Sub-Contractors Complaints On occasion a complaint may be made from the general public, regulatory bodies, the client or site staff. These complaints must be logged into Farrans complaint log as shown in the figure below. This has the benefit of making sure the actual complaint does not fall on deaf ears and also so that action is taken to resolve the matter. This is an effective way of dispute resolution and promotes ambience between the parties involved and Farrans. Farrans are a member of the considerate constructors scheme a recognised initiative under the construction confederation, this initiative was set up to improve the image of construction. Dealing with complaints is a vital section of this initiative and as Farrans are a registered member they are expected to deal in a considerate manner with any complaints or concerns resulting from the sites activities. A template of Farrans Complaints Log can be viewed in the Appendix at the end of this section. Conclusion and Recommendations Farrans use programming as an effective tool to manage and co-ordinate sub-contractors. They use a standard Gantt chart and work packages in order to effectively plan their work. The Gantt chart is employed by most construction companies and simplifies a complex program by outlining clearly start, finish and duration of each sub-contractor. This allows close observation of the critical path and any conflicts that may appear. After reviewing Farrans management of sub-contractors and reviewing relevant literature surrounding the topic of sub-contractor management the authors fell that Farrans have an effective framework running throughout their sites in order to mange and co-ordinate sub-contractors. The authors feel that start up meetings and work packages are useful tools which are not adapted by all large contractors in Northern Ireland. One of the authors spent a year working with McAleer and Rushe, a design and build contractor based in Cookstown, Nothern Ireland. The first interaction between the site management team and the sub-contractor was the same day the sub-contractor was due to start work. This caused some confusion in that the sub-contractors usually showed up unexpectantly and no arrangements were in place for their task. Often sub-contractors showed up with no health and safety documents and their workforce were unaware that CSR identification was needed. This shows what can happen if sub-contractors are mismanaged. As a well and long established leading construction firm, they have developed the necessary approach needed to avoid mismanagement of sub-contractors. Through years of experience they have adapted and fine tuned these methods in order to be successful. Appendix for Coordination of Sub-Contractors 5.0 Management of Materials and Waste 5.1 Waste Material waste has been recognised as a major problem for the construction industry, it has important implications for the efficiency of the industry as well as the environmental impact of the construction project. It is estimated that the United Kingdom construction industry uses 400 million tonnes of resources every year with 100 million tonnes ending up as waste (CIOB 2010). Research carried out by CIRIA (undated, cited in CIOB, 2010 p199) estimates that as much as 13% of all materials delivered to site end up in a skip without ever being used. The importance of waste management is demonstrated in England where it has become legal requirement from April 2008 to have site waste management plans (SWMPs) for all construction and demolition projects valued over  £300,000. It is ethical and has commercial value to prepare a SWMP for a development. The reason for this is to provide a framework for managing the disposal of waste throughout the life of the construction project. The rationale behind introducing a SWMP is to ensure that waste management is thought about from the outset and facilitate the selection of construction techniques and materials to effectively reduce waste. A SWMP reduces waste by relying on a plan-do-check-action, which follows the figure below:. Typically this action plan aims to reuse, reduce, recycle or recover materials on and off site and if none of these actions are suitable disposal is required. It is the principle contractors duty to enforce the plan as well as recording actual waste against the estimated figures, therefore checking the effectiveness of the plan. The document is the main contractors responsibility during the construction stage and should contain the following information: Ownership of the document Information about who will be removing the waste The types of waste to be removed Details of the site(s) where the waste is being taken A post-completion statement confirming that the SWMP was monitored and updated on a regular basis An explanation of any deviation from the plan An example of a standard SWMP recommended by the CIOB (2010 p72) can be seen in appendix 5. (CIOB 2010, p72) 5.1.1 Farrans Waste Management As part of Farrans waste minimisation police they have committed to: Prevent and/or Reduce waste Reuse materials Recycle waste Send minimum amounts of waste to landfill To fulfil this commitment Farrans have implemented waste management plans on all their sites to ensure good waste management and cultivated a work ethic and awareness of waste minimisation. An important aspect of waste minimisation is to try and eradicate it through design which Farrans do. Practically on-site Farrans reduce waste by organisation of the site layout which in return reduces waste caused by poor storage of materials, and prevents damage or theft where possible. The site has security 24 hours a day which again reduces theft. Sub-contractors are made aware penalties they face for producing excessive waste through bad workmanship and bad planning. 5.2 Materials Strict monitoring of materials is both beneficial to the main contractor and the environment by; Increasing profits Decreasing overheads Minimising waste and consequent disposal costs Useful Marketing tool Lessons for the future Complying with CDM regulations The CIOB (2010) believe that it is the duty of the project manager to not only monitor the projects progress but to also monitor any work undertaken by suppliers that have an independent input into the completion of the project. The contractor has overall responsibility for the management of the supply chain, the project managers duty is to ensure that the chain is managed efficiently to avoid potential delay or completion of the project. This is an important issue as it is often the case that problems further down the contractual chain are responsible for delays. One technique that the CIOB (2010, p230) recommend during planning is; The production of an outline construction schedule indicating the latest date for placement of orders (materials equipment contractors) and design release dates. However, it is not important that every material is scheduled, it is only when major construction materials and materials concerned with the critical path lack scheduling that a disruption will occur. Materials often arrive on site in three ways, on time, too early or too late with the latter often causing the most problems. Good scheduling will ensure that materials arrive on site on time. When materials arrive on site too early the main problem is with storage. Storage on a construction site will often be limited. Storing materials on site for long periods can leave them susceptible to damage due to weather or accidental damage and vandalism and theft. Handling materials more than once will also increase the likelihood of accidental damage, for example storing materials in several locations before arriving at the actual location for use. Materials arriving too late can cause a significant delay to the completion of the project. For example a week long delay in bricks will have a knock on effect to the fit out as the building as it will not be sealed on time. The contractor will then be liable for late fees for not handing over the development on time and will result in the client not being able to rent or sell units in the development. Cooke and Williams (2004, p364) state that The responsibility for handling materials, distribution around the site and fixing them in position belongs to the site manager, who is also responsible for material loss and accounting for excessive waste. 5.2.1 Farrans Material Management Materials Planning Before construction work begins Farrans complete a materials schedule included in this schedule is major materials needed for construction. Some elements included in the project at Carmonney, Northern Ireland are concrete and reinforcing steel. These materials are essential to the critical path of the project. Farrans schedule such materials in order to allow for the manufacturers lead in time and so that they ultimately arrive on site, before or just in time. Materials Inspection Farrans check the quality and condition of all materials arriving on site, whether it be materials ordered by the main contractor or sub-contractors. Sub-contractors materials are checked to ensure specifications are as designed. Material Orders Farrans record all orders of concrete and stone in an order book complete with a unique order number. This information is sent to head office and checked against invoices received from the supplier. All material invoices are also kept in the site managers office in case of any discrepancies between site and supplier. This is a form of control put in place by farrans to ensure all materials that are delivered to site are received and paid for. Materials being removed from sight are also controlled and have to be signed off. This is done for a similar reason to materials signing, to ensure the company only pay for the actual removal of site materials. For example when soil is excavated it must be removed from sites. Conclusion and Recommendations Farrans should ensure materials arrive on-site but not too early. Material and waste is not a massive issue on this particular project, the main material ordering is reinforced steel and concrete normally which are normally ordered to demand. 6.0 Management and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment Plant and equipment as well as the other physical resources represent a large area of expense on a construction project. It is also essential to schedule plant to ensure delay does not occur due to a piece of equipment not being on-site. Scheduling of plant is needed for items of plant not held on site. Similar to materials scheduling the main contractor must make a plant schedule dating periods of when other specialist plant may be required. Plant scheduling is arguably not as critical as materials scheduling due to lack of demand in hire companies caused by the recession. McCaffer and Harris (2006) estimated in 2006 that between 50 60% of plant used on projects was hired. Usually hire companies can deliver plant at short notice meaning delays are not often incurred due to lack of scheduling. Under the CDM regulations clients as well as contractors are accountable for the impact they have on health and safety. Therefore it is imperative that as project managers we try and control factors which affect health and safety on site as well as to the surrounding area. Most contractors are aware of the impacts plant and machinery has on the environment as well as the accident risk they pose. A contractor that owns plant must be prepared to provide maintenance and servicing of the equipment (Harris and McCaffer 2006, p145). Many firms try to avoid these costs by providing minimum maintenance which results in unexpected breakdown and delays. It is good practice for the main contractor to implement a system of planned preventative maintenance. The main contractor should ensure they keep the health and safety file updated with maintenance documentation for all items of plant on site. Also included must be the next required date for inspection and how frequently this must be carried out. It is the contractors duty to ensure all plant is continually inspected and maintained, it is also their responsibility to check that hired items of plant are in good working condition and regularly inspected and maintained to a good working order. The health and safety executive (HSE) require that all operators of plant must hold the relevant license to operate it. Evidence of this certification and any relating insurance documents must be kept in the health and safety file for inspection at any time. Noise generated from plant and machinery can often be unavoidable, but measures can be taken to restrict or reduce the disturbance. In order to ensure minimal disruption the main contractor should: Maintain all plant Uses noise barriers where appropriate Plans deliveries as to avoid early morning disturbance Uses alternative less noisy plant where available Scheduling of plant is needed for items of plant not held on site. Similar to materials scheduling we will require the main contractor to make a plant schedule dating periods of when other specialist plant may be required 6.1 Farrans Management and Maintenance of Plant and Equipment Farrans use the following procedures to ensure adequate maintenance of plant and equipment and also to ensure no delays as a result of bad plant scheduling. 6.1.1 Planning and Programming Site planning is needed to identify necessary items of plant required throughout the construction phase. It is the responsibility of the planning team to know what piece of equipment is needed as wee as the period of time it is needed for. The ASTA software used by Farrans can produce Gantt charts to illustrate each item of plant, length of time it is needed and for what dates. At each monthly meeting, mentioned in earlier sections, the coming months plant requirements are ev

Young Biz :: Free Essay Writer

Young Biz Youre young and ambitious, with a great idea for a new software program, downtown music zine, or a better-than-Snapple beverage--but how do you turn your dream concept into a thriving business?Forget the ultra-conservative suits who scoffed when you brought your hot idea to their door! As Fortune magazines Ron Lieber shows, you can actually turn your youth, inexperience, and lack of money to your advantage and capitalize on your assets to trump the corporate system, be your own boss, and turn your entrepreneurial vision into a reality.Based on interviews with more than thirty young, independent entrepreneurs who have developed some of todays hottest--even revolutionary--companies and products, Upstart Start-Ups! provides essential tips and information that will enable you to get your own Nantucket Nectars or Magnetic Poetry off the ground. Check out:The myths and realities you need to know about starting a business when you're under 30How to generate your first "brainstorm" and how t o act on a good ideaHow to overcome the stigmas of youth and inexperience and make your age work to your advantageHow to develop a realistic business planWhere and how to get the financial backing you needHow to establish credibility for your business or product with consumersModels that have proved successful, and how to apply them to your own visionTwenty-six-year-old Ron Lieber writes for Fortune magazine and is the coauthor of the New York Times business bestseller Taking Time Off. He appears regularly on national television and radio to discuss career issues, corporate management, and his recent columns. Publishers Weekly: Fortune writer Lieber (who's 26) gears this chatty guide to people under age 35 who don't have rich parents to help them get started. He distills the hard-won insights of 34 young entrepreneurs who launched successful start-ups an online personal-finance forum, an art gallery, a wine distributorship, a funky Mexican restaurant, a chain of airport-based music stores, among others and kept them going. Their firsthand experience is the core of the book, which follows the approach of Lieber's Taking Time Off, which advised college students by example in how to carefully tune in and temporarily drop out. While this is not a comprehensive, detailed handbook, the savvy tips of Lieber's interviewees acquaint tyros conceptually with a variety of standard business practices. They offer such basics as "Do What You Know," as one acne-prone woman now runs a thriving skin-care spa notes, to do-it-yourself market research, like that of a swimwear designer who apprenticed in retail to find out what women really wanted. Young Biz :: Free Essay Writer Young Biz Youre young and ambitious, with a great idea for a new software program, downtown music zine, or a better-than-Snapple beverage--but how do you turn your dream concept into a thriving business?Forget the ultra-conservative suits who scoffed when you brought your hot idea to their door! As Fortune magazines Ron Lieber shows, you can actually turn your youth, inexperience, and lack of money to your advantage and capitalize on your assets to trump the corporate system, be your own boss, and turn your entrepreneurial vision into a reality.Based on interviews with more than thirty young, independent entrepreneurs who have developed some of todays hottest--even revolutionary--companies and products, Upstart Start-Ups! provides essential tips and information that will enable you to get your own Nantucket Nectars or Magnetic Poetry off the ground. Check out:The myths and realities you need to know about starting a business when you're under 30How to generate your first "brainstorm" and how t o act on a good ideaHow to overcome the stigmas of youth and inexperience and make your age work to your advantageHow to develop a realistic business planWhere and how to get the financial backing you needHow to establish credibility for your business or product with consumersModels that have proved successful, and how to apply them to your own visionTwenty-six-year-old Ron Lieber writes for Fortune magazine and is the coauthor of the New York Times business bestseller Taking Time Off. He appears regularly on national television and radio to discuss career issues, corporate management, and his recent columns. Publishers Weekly: Fortune writer Lieber (who's 26) gears this chatty guide to people under age 35 who don't have rich parents to help them get started. He distills the hard-won insights of 34 young entrepreneurs who launched successful start-ups an online personal-finance forum, an art gallery, a wine distributorship, a funky Mexican restaurant, a chain of airport-based music stores, among others and kept them going. Their firsthand experience is the core of the book, which follows the approach of Lieber's Taking Time Off, which advised college students by example in how to carefully tune in and temporarily drop out. While this is not a comprehensive, detailed handbook, the savvy tips of Lieber's interviewees acquaint tyros conceptually with a variety of standard business practices. They offer such basics as "Do What You Know," as one acne-prone woman now runs a thriving skin-care spa notes, to do-it-yourself market research, like that of a swimwear designer who apprenticed in retail to find out what women really wanted.

We Must Stop Legislation to Ban Cell Phone Use While Driving :: Argumentative Persuasive Argument Essays

Cell phones began with only a select few could afford a cell phone. Today with most Americans owning cell phones we must look at the benefits and downfalls of cellular technology. The issue of driving while dialing brings up the most controversy. The legislation in place to govern the use of cellular phones in certain cities is justified, but the benefits far outweigh the disadvantages. The cell phone has been around since the fifties when they first had the idea from using CB radio frequencies. AT&T was the first to bring about the technology back in the late forties and early fifties. The FCC regulated all radio frequencies broadcast and limited AT&T to twenty-three phone calls simultaneously in the same service area. In the seventies the FCC later allowed more use of the radio waves. In the late seventies the first trials were made in Chicago with 2000 initial customers (Bellis 1). In the 1987 cellular customers hit one million. Today one half of the people living in the United States own a cell phone. It is true that drivers can be clearly distracted from the road from cellular phones. Drivers will have them in a purse in the backseat or in an inaccessible pocket that they will be startled to get to when someone calls. Drivers will struggle to get to the phone in a timely manner and that becomes their priority instead of the road in front of them. Drivers may swerve or cut off another driver in while trying to answer a cell phone or trying dialing a ten digit telephone number. An Ohio insurance company took a poll of eight hundred drivers. The results of the poll are as follows: 43% said they had accelerated on at least one occasion while using their mobile phone; 23% said they had tailgated; 18% said they had cut someone off; 10% ran a red light; and 41% said they had accelerated to get away from someone else in another vehicle on a mobile phone (Ropeik 16). It is obvious that cell phones are a distraction but are the distractions caused by cell phones outweighed by the security and added convenience of a cell phone? There are hundreds of benefits from cellular phones. The convenience more than anything is what appeals to most users. Cell phones can be used for work or for personal use. Businessmen and women will use them to call clients and parents will use them to check on the babysitter.

Acoustics :: acoustic acoustics sound

The concert hall is one of man's greatest joys; enjoying a fine symphony composed by the worlds greatest, performed by a world class orchestra. For months afterwards, the borgoise attendees will speak of the energy of the conductor, the orchestra responding to him, the power of it all. The crescendoes, the diminuendos, the stark silences between movements, the clarity of the soloist above the rest of the orchestra. Little do they know that were it not for the meticulous consideration of the architect at construction time, the patrons would not feel that they were getting their money's 'worth.' The architect is tapping into the world of acoustics; in this case, achieving the best possible sonic experience through differing techniques : different materials, certain shapes of rooms, sound traps, etcetera. Acoustics and sound, like so many physics branches, starts out relatively simple and quickly becomes a gigantic headache. Massive amounts of planning must go into a large structure such as a concert hall, a dance hall. Even small structures, such as the phonebooth, have hours of careful planning put into their design, in order to achieve the desired effect with the varied sound sources. This page is designed to inform the reader in the basics of acoustics, using the theory behind acoustics and the examples of the concert hall and the dancehall. Technically, the definition of 'sound' is a pressure wave in an elastic medium. This means that our pressure wave can be present in air, water, wood, steel... many different solids as well as air (and liquid). One of the most common units of measurement of sound is intensity, or the rate at which sound energy is being transmitted into the medium. (low sound intensity would be something like somebody clapping between movements, high sound intensity would be the applause after Beethoven's 9th) The unit of intensity is the decibel, or db. We use a logarithmic scale to measure these, as it is difficult to understand the range of the decibel in linear terms. Other units of measurement are the period and the amplitude of the wave. As we see in the graphic, we have the graph of time versus sound pressure, with our little wave traversing it. The amplitude is the highest value the graph reaches before descending again, while the period is the amount of time it takes for the wave to complete a full cycle. Other terms of note for the diagram are compression, which is represented by the parts of the graph in the positive region of sound pressure, and rarefraction, which is represented by negative pressure.

Censorship and Rebellion Essay

The square in China was a act of rebellion because the citizens stood up against Cherman Mao. Tone has to do with auditory (what you hear). Tone in writing represents things you hear from the author’s writing. In Fahrenheit Four Hundred Fifty One Bradbury uses tone to show rebellion. Rebellion can be described as defiance of anything authority, control, or tradition. In this case Montag plans to rebel against control. Bradbury uses tone to characterize Faber and Montag’s rebellion as futile because Faber does not want to help Montag with his plan. Ray Bradbury uses tone to explain how Montag’s plan becomes useless because Faber does not believe in his plan. Montag went to Faber’s house to tell him about how they should rebel against burning books â€Å"Mr. Montag, you are looking at a coward. I saw the way things were going, a long time back. I said nothing. I’m one of the innocents who could have spoken up and out when no one would listen to the ‘guilty,’ but I did not speak and thus became guilty myself. And when finally they set the structure to burn the books, using the firemen, I grunted a few times and subsided, for by them. Now it’s too late†, the tone sounds as if Faber does not believe that Montag’s plan becomes useless because the citizens in their world are accustom to not having books and not speaking up for what is right. Bradbury uses tone to display how Montag’s rebellion becomes useless because he has no one who will rebel with him. This tone happens when Montag tries to tell Faber his plan. â€Å"Not if you start talking the sort of talk that might get me burnt for my trouble. The only way I could possibly listen to you would be is somehow the fireman structure itself could be burnt. Now if you suggest that we print extra books and arrange to have them hidden in firemen’s houses all over the country, so that seeds of suspicion would be sown among these arsonists, bravo I’d say! † (pg. 81) When Bradbury writes â€Å"Burnt for my trouble†, the tone sounds like Faber was not willing to risk his life for the rebellion against books being destroyed. Ray Bradbury uses tone to point out how Montag’s rebellion will be futile because who he came to for help (Faber) does not even want to help him; he just points out the negative things of rebelling. This tone happens when Montag was telling Faber, the people that might be able to help. † Can’t trust people, that’s the dirty part you and I and who else will set the fires? †(pg. 83) When Bradbury writes â€Å"Can’t trust people†, the tone sounds like Faber believes citizens not being able to be trusted revels that the rebellion will be unsuccessful and should not be done. Ray Bradbury uses tone to show how Faber believes the rebellion will have an unsuccessful ending. In his writing he demonstrates how Faber states things that make Montag’s rebellion very useless. He also shows how Faber shows unwillingness to risk his life just to save books and the idea in books. Also how Faber feels it is too late to try to change the burning of the books. Bradbury writes about rebellion because he does not believe in banning books and believes that people should be aware of all aspects of life. Meaning he revels through his character’s development that the world he lives in needs transformation.

One-Party State: Texas vs. Oklahoma Essay

Texas: For over a 100 years Texas was a one-party state of Democrats (Munisteri). Republicans did not have a chance until Abraham Lincoln who was against slavery and defended the Union during the Civil War. During this time before Republicans took over Texas was free-willed and won majority of seats in the race and had all seats in Legislature. One of the best ways to describe this era was best stated by Author Steven, â€Å"developed a free spirit, a pride in self-reliance and a work ethic that is still unmatched today â€Å"Early Texans lived, loved and died entirely by their own efforts without relying on government to fulfill their needs. Just like modern Texans, early settlers believed in families, churches and neighbors, not in bureaucracy† (Munisteri). Oklahoma: Just like the Texans, Oklahoma was always a one-party state of Democrats. It was secured in the Democratic Party and Republican did not have a chance. Even in 1964 Republicans won their first election, the Demo crats still held 81% of seats (Gaddie). In the 1990’s Republican took over and still run the show. Which party dominated Texas politics (for most of Texas’s history after the 1876 Constitution), and what are the historical origins behind this dominance? Texas: Democrats dominated Texas politics from 1863 to 1980. Still Democrats remained powerful, they gradually drowned. The Cause of this power was Texas did not vote in 1864 and 1868 due to the Civil War and Reconstruction and from 1902 through 1965, Texas had basically stopped most blacks and many Latinos and poor whites through the poll tax and white primaries by not allowing them to register to vote. Oklahoma: Oklahoma was dominated by Democrats almost their entire existence. From 1907 up until the 1990’s the Democratic Party ran Oklahoma as a state. The reason for this is stated in the article written by Gaddie, â€Å"For decades the bedrock of Democratic Party strength has been the southeastern part of the state, â€Å"Little Dixie.† This region imported not just people, but also local culture, place names, architecture, and political tradition directly from a variety of southern states, especially Mississippi† (Gaddie). In addition the most prominent people to support the Democrat Part come from Little Dixie as well. What were some of the ramifications of one-party  rule? After researching and reading articles on Texas and Oklahoma one-party states, I came to the conclusion that the consequences would be harsh, or were harsh. It would make these states communist. Meaning government control all even the way citizens live and operate. They became robotic. What caused the rise of a two-party system in Texas? The division of ideas led to the creation of the two-party system. The main issue between the two parties was how they believed the Constitution should be read and interpreted. When George Washington was president he assigned to people to his cabinet. Hamilton and Jefferson both which seen differences in the constitution. One believe that so of the constitution was good the other believe that some of it was inappropriate. This cause a rift and a split into a two-party system (AP U.S. History Notes). Why do some people (including your professor) believe that Texas is once again a one-party state? Texas: For many and many that sit down and speak on Texas and its politics see that Republicans run everything to see how everything that the President promotes they reject and are successful. The cost of living, the assistance giving to the needy diminishing and the way the rich and wealthy are catered to make me and others feel t is a one-sided situation and bring us to Texas being a one-pa rty state. Texas and Oklahoma both have 2% Democrats and 98% Republicans, it is very plain to see that both are a one-party state (538 Politics). Cite: Aboukhadijeh, Feross. â€Å"Development of the Two-party System – AP U.S. History Topic Outlines – Study Notes.† Development of the Two-party System – AP U.S. History Topic Outlines – Study Notes. StudyNotes.org. Study Notes, Inc., 17 Nov. 2012. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. . Gaddie, Ronald. â€Å"DEMOCRATIC PARTY.† DEMOCRATIC PARTY. Oklahoma Historical Society. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. . Munisteri, Steve. â€Å"Overview and History – Republican Party of Texas.† Republican Party of Texas RSS. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. . Silver, Nate. â€Å"FiveThirtyEight Senate Forecast: GOP Is Slight Favorite in Race for Senate Control.† FiveThirtyEight. 23 Mar. 2014. Web. 3 Oct. 2014. .

Painting, Music, Theater and Dance as Individual Discipline Essay

Discipline implies a commitment to hard work and that hard work is necessary to grow spiritually, just as it is to develop one’s artistic talents (Wuthnow 2006, p. 107). Painting, music, theater, and dance are individual disciplines as artists have to work hard to master techniques and movements. Learning the art of painting, music, theater, and dance is a discipline because it is a painful step of going through the process of mastering its art. Citing various opinions on discipline, Wuthnow stated, â€Å"To make something that would not meet my expectations and to try again and improve it, step by step, that’s discipline. Four means of expression for each discipline Appreciating a work of art implies an intellectual involvement with what is to be appreciated, be it a painting, music, theater arts or dance. Painters expressed their arts in many ways. One of this is the so called â€Å"realism† whose manner of presenting their subject depends on the interest, imagination, creativity, and purpose of the artist. Their Objects are depicted in the way they would normally appear in nature, and the presentation is said to be realistic. Next is the Abstract form which is usually expressed in geometric shapes which are rarely identified. The third is Distortion this is used by artist to dramatize the object and to create an emotional effect. Last is cubism which represents realities through the use of geometric object. Music artist express their arts in various ways. First is through the so-called â€Å"live music† which is played fast or slow, loud or soft, and happy or sad. Second is the Jazz which is an exhilarating and an intricate play intending to mystify the listeners. The third is the Rock is usually inspired by classical string pieces. The last is the so-called Sonata which Hoffman (2005) identified an instrumental piece. The theater art is expressed through audio-visual. Foremost of this expression is the Broadway which has been generally referred to as an institutionalized exhibition of art. Opera is another expression of theater art which is usually a character depiction while Shadow puppet is an important expression of theater art especially among Asian countries like China and Indonesia. Finally, Puppetry is a â€Å"calculated and controlled† discipline in exhibiting the art form (Harkavy, 1996). Dancing is considered as art that is characterized by a free movement that is guided by the tempo of music. Dancing as an art is expressed in such manner as â€Å"Ballet† â€Å"tango† â€Å"Ballroom† and modern dances. Description of four characteristics for each discipline The characteristic of painting is that need subject which are either a human person, nature or an art it self. Next, imagination and creativity is both the artist’s invisible eye to see things hidden and technological tools. Canvas is also an element of painting which is a hempen cloth loosely woven and is used by painters for painting. The simplest element of painting is Paint which is a chemical use by painters in varied colors. Elements of music include strings instruments. These are instruments played by artist using their fingers. Wind instruments are another element of music. They are played by using their lips. Drums too are elements of music. Artists played them using a stick and are usually accompanied by other instruments such as cymbals and tambourine. Tempo is also an element of music. It is the music’s beat, that is, its speed. Theater elements include Character depiction, which is usually performed by artist on stage, drama which is an element of theater art and is usually a story acted by artists to the audience. The dramatists are the artists or the stage performers. Plays are perhaps the most important element which is normally the entire script or a form of story telling. Elements of dance include choreography which is creative dance movement that conveys ideas. The tempo of music is an in a dance that determines the actions and movements. Emotions are the elements of dance that â€Å"makes the immediacy come alive† (Runco & Pritzker (1999, p. 476). Scenery is the place for dancing which is a wide open area conducive for dancing. How each characteristic is unique to the discipline? Each characteristic is unique to the discipline in such a way that they provide important knowledge and ideas of the particular discipline. They also serve as the introduction and identities of each discipline. These characteristic are unique to the discipline they identify their description only fits with the particular discipline they are representing. References Harkavy, M. D. (1996) Baroque, In the New Webster’s International Encyclopedia. ’ Hoffman, M. (2005) The NPR Classical Music Companion USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Runco, M. A. & Pritzker, S. R. (1999) Encyclopedia of Creativity USA: Elsevier Wuthnow, R. (2006) All in Sync USA: University of California press

Sports Injury Rehabilitation Programmes Health And Social Care Essay

This chapter will critically measure surveies done on attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. Bury and Mead ( 1998 ) specify critical assessment as a systemic manner of sing the truthfulness of a piece of research, consequences, and how relevant and applicable they are. This non merely involves the appraisal of the quality of a piece of work but besides consideration of its utility for athleticss physical therapy pattern. The undermentioned comprehensive hunt schemes were used to happen the amateur rugger football participant ‘s experiences and perceptual experiences of adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation plan. This was carried utilizing EBSCO Host to entree the undermentioned databases: National library of wellness ( NLH ) ( Healthcare database ) , Allied and Complimentary Medicine Database AMED, MEDLINE, CINAHL were searched to place all published scientific analytical surveies that included adhering to a sport hurt rehabilitation programme. Following hunt schemes were used for EBSCO host and adapted as appropriate for the other databases Attachment, Rehabilitation, Qualitative, Sports therapy, Physiotherapy, Measurement of attachment, Determinants of attachment, Psychology, Sports, Athletic hurt, Patients attachment Articles of involvement were discovered in mentions of the published work and retrieved by writer independently, utilizing the undermentioned choice standards for this survey:Choice standardsIncluded surveies to be published research. In English linguistic communication. The survey reported on the athleticss hurt rehabilitation attachment. Target population is grownups ‘ elite or recreational male or female jocks sustained a athleticss hurt and their rehabilitation lasted for period of three or more hebdomads. To review the surveies, the McMaster critical reappraisal signifier ( Law et al, 1998 ) for quantitative surveies was used. This model ( appendix ) is good structured and each of the countries identified in the model can be critically examined, and a series of inquiries have been asked to measure the worth of a peculiar research survey. The format used is designed to help in placing the strength and failings of the paper and by this, the research worker will be able to do sound judgements sing adequateness, rightness, and dependability of the decisions drawn and the pertinence of the recommendations made ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Current research carried out by Petridou et al. , ( 2003 ) suggested that in Europe states the figure of people who need medical attending after athleticss related hurt is more than 10 million. It has been suggested that more than 5 million Euros have been spent on amateur participants. Taylor & A ; Taylor ( 1997 ) stated that the impact of sing athleticss hurts could be significant and include irreversible for recreational participants, slow hurt rehabilitation, inability to work, tardily return to athleticss, and danger of womb-to-tomb disablement and later a low criterion of life. In athleticss medical specialty and rehabilitation scenes, the behaviors that set up conformity are surely different, and are chiefly reliant on the current medical status or type of athleticss hurt ( Kolt et al, 2007 ) . These behaviors constitute regularity in athleticss physical therapy assignments, making all the stretches and exercisings recommended actively, set abouting all place based exercisings and rehabilitation such as exercisings, ice or heat application, and avoiding all possible insecure activities. Conformity is invariably documented as an built-in portion of athleticss hurt rehabilitation. By and large, it has been presumed that, if the athleticss hurt rehabilitation programs are successful and working good, attachment to those hurt rehabilitation programs enhances result. This given, however, is non guaranteed all the clip. Research for the association between athleticss hurt direction consequence and attachment is conflicting. Sports specific hurt rehabilitation programs normally include mobilization, massage, and other manual techniques used in athleticss therapy clinic and a place exercisings and stretching programme. Sports physical therapist should be able to measure attachment to rehabilitation, both in the clinic and place environment. More often, attachment to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan is evaluated in association to participants ‘ regularity in attending at athleticss therapy clinic. This methodological analysis, however, simply suggests that if the participant is on a regular basis coming to the athleticss hurt clinic for hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, this does non give any facts about the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss. If a athleticss physical therapist could judge the participant ‘s response, reaction, and attitude refering athleticss hurt rehabilitation public presentation, during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss, he/she could modify the hurt rehabilitation Sessionss accordingly. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) clearly stated the survey ‘s purpose to look into the subjective experience of anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) rehabilitation and place variables that influence attachment as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) have used qualitative research methods to look into the conceptual apprehension of participants ‘ conformity to athleticss physical therapy intervention. In footings of qualitative research, sample was an appropriate size. Eleven patients were selected and interviewed at an norm of 4 months. The writers ‘ failed to place the procedure of enrolling participants. Data aggregation was explained and involved qualitative in-depth interviews to research subjective experience of ACL rehabilitation and happen factors impacting conformity as perceived by ACL-reconstructed patients. Interviews were recorded and transcribed. To heighten cogency Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) supply interviewees with canned interviews to guarantee that the information has been acAÂ ­curately translated. The sample was diverse in relation to the participants ‘ engagement in athleticss. Six participants were take parting at competitory degree ; four participants were at recreational degree and one participant dropped out. Since, Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) used a diverse sample in relation to participants ‘ engagement in athleticss, it is excessively hard to explicate consequences from it. In order to compare between factors that influence rehabilitation in adAÂ ­herers and non adherers, a graded purposive sampling technique was used to understate the possible prejudice originating from convenience sampling and improves the opportunity of roll uping rich informations relevant to the behavior being studied when compared with random sampling. Because participants were judged by their healers to be adherent to physiotherapy, the sample was stratified based on attachment to home-exercise completion. Home adherAÂ ­ence rates were determined utilizing self-report journals over the first 12 hebdomads of rehabilitation. The survey identified restrictions and strengths. Research workers referred to how they ensured cogency. An independent research with qualitative survey experience reviewed the codifications and agreed that the emerging classs were consistent with the natural information. Triangulation enhanced the credibleness of the findings. Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) adopted qualitative methodological analysis and suggested that the qualiAÂ ­tative attack allowed a greater find and analysis of variables than would be possible with a quantitative attack. Findingss of Pizzari et Al ( 2002 ) were original, in-depth and enlightening and bespeaking that inductive analysis has shown three critical variables impacting athleticss hurt intervention conformity, including emotional, environmental, and physical issues. The writers concluded that different apprehension of fitness degree on return to rugby, self-inspiration, rehabilitation Sessionss issues or busy at work distinguish compliant and non-compliant behaviors in relation to a place exercising programme. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) examine the association between conformity to rehabilitation and result after rehabilitative surgery of the anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) . The rubric is concise and clearly indicates the content. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact and included three relevant key words that helped indexing and cross-referencing. Introduction is relevant and identified that rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction has changed from the traditional conservative attack with greater limitations on activity to a more accelerated attack advancing early mobilisation and return to activity. The debut referred to current research and cited 10 documents and they offered balanced findings. The survey ‘s purpose was clear to analyze the association between conformity to athleticss therapy intervention and result after ACL Reconstruction utilizing both correlativity and arrested development techniques. The writers clearly identified the hypo thesis. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) in this prospective cohort survey evaluated attachment to rehabilitation over the first 8 hebdomads after ACL-reconstructive surgery and correlated the findings with results at nine and twelve months. Three steps of attachment were correlated with nine dependent variables of result. Participants included in the survey were 68 patients ( 42 work forces, 26 adult females ) with a mean of 28.8 AÂ ± 8.3 old ages. Informed consent was sought. There is a failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. Denzin and Lincoln ( 1998 ) suggested that if there is to be any assurance in the credibleness of findings, research workers must guarantee the topics rights to confidentiality and namelessness. The writers should hold hence explicitly stated how participants ‘ information remained confidential and anon. . Three aspects of attachment were measured: attachment to assignments, attachment during assignments, and attachment to home-exercise prescription. The treating physical therapists, utilizing the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale ( SIRAS ) , rated participant ‘s attachment, during each assignment. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved and defended the trial re-test dependability, interrater dependability, and concept cogency of SIRAS. Attachment to home-based exercising was assessed utilizing a self-report ( diary ) method. Self-reported attachment is besides capable to bias in a socially desirable way. The usage of self-report journals by Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) to supervise home-exercise attachment is besides an of import restriction of this survey. Mullins ( 1996 ) maintained the usage of journals, as a mechanism for measuring attachment to place plan is weak in footings of cogency and dependability. This in reflected by the fact that the remarks made by the patients in their journals did non ever fit their questionnaire responses. There is besides a likeliness of a hapless callback. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) used three outcome steps. The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form was used to measure articulatio genus result in footings of damage. To analyze the consequences of ACL-reconstructive surgery, research workers used three questionnaires. The 6m timed hop trial was used to analyze functional result. The writers clearly stated the dependability and cogency of the 6-m timed hop trial but did non province the dependability and cogency of The International Knee Documentation Committee ( IKDC ) Clinical Examination Form and questionnaires. Consequences indicated that there was a important relationship between home-exercise attachment and many results for participants less than 30 old ages of age. For participants aged 30 and over there was a negative relationship between home-exercise attachment and result. There were no important relationships between attachment to and during physical therapy assignments and result after ACL-reconstructive surgery. One of the of import restrictions of Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) survey was the method of informations geographic expedition. In order to place confusing variables, unstructured seeking through the information was considered as a hapless analysis technique. Pizzari et Al ( 2005 ) concluded that participants under 30 old ages of age who adhered to their home-exercise regimen had better functional result, whereas disciple participants aged 30 and over experient worse result with better place based exercising conformity. Urdy ( 1997 ) examined copying and societal support with amongst 20 five injured jocks between the age of 16 and 40 old ages, during their rehabilitation from anterior cruciate ligament surgery. Participants completed a scope of appraisals, included Coping with Health and Injury Scale to mensurate get bying schemes, profile of Mood State to measure temper perturbation, Social Support Inventory to mensurate societal support, figure of visits to rehabilitation Sessionss to mensurate attachment. Participants completed theses ratings one time pre-surgery and so at 3, 6, 9 and 12 hebdomads station surgery. Results pointed out that during the whole survey period, instrumental get bying scheme was the most used header scheme by the participants. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that during the three hebdomads clip period different type of get bying schemes have been used by the participants. As the emphasis decreased, get bying schemes besides decreased. Urdy ( 1997 ) found that instrumental header was significantly related to conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation at nine hebdomads post surgery. Furthermore, alleviative header, varied the most throughout three months of survey continuance even though, it was the least used scheme in general. In Urdy ‘s ( 1997 ) analyze little sample size decreased the assurance with which the findings could be generalized to other samples. Small sample size restricts the reading of consequences, which resulted in a decrease of statistical power. Urdy ( 1997 ) used attending as a exclusive index to adherence. These attending indices provided no information that relate to athlete ‘s behavior during rehabilitation session. Niven ( 2007 ) in his current survey, investigated the athleticss physical therapists ‘ perceptual experiences of rehabilitation attachment and concluded that jocks at highest degree are extremely consistent in their rehabilitation programmes. The chief purpose of Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) survey was, on the footing of athletics physical therapists ‘ expert cognition to increase apprehension of attachment issues in pattern and place factors that influence attachment and schemes that can be used to heighten attachment. Niven ( 2007 ) interviewed six adult females and three work forces with a average age of 35.1 over the period of 12 months. Niven ‘s ( 2007 ) consequences advocated that participants at the highest degree of the game, who are professional, are normally more bucked up to return to their highest degree of lucifer fittingness. Niven ( 2007 ) reported participants ‘ pessimistic features such as unequal ego belief, dejecting mental reaction to athleticss hurt, low assurance, deficiency of aid and aid from community, to be the of import facets of incompatibility and non conformity. Some practicians believed that non-compliance or over attachment are of import concerns to cover with in pattern. The conformity was considered as a important factor for successful rehabilitation from hurt. Niven ( 2007 ) identified several single properties such as motive, assurance, and ability to get by with hurting that facilitated conformity. Consequences indicated that negative emotions experienced by jocks resulted in hapless conformity. Environmental factors such as good support from squad couples, household and friends and athleticss healer were deemed to better conformity. In contrast, being busy at work and place and hapless entree to athleticss therapy resulted in hapless conformity. Niven ( 2007 ) pointed out that the degree of trust in athleticss physical therapist and recommended rehabilitation plan was found to be an of import factor on conformity. Based on findings, Niven ( 2007 ) besides identified figure of schemes to better conformity in pattern. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) examined the relationship between the three aspects of subjective meaning-personal inducements, sense of ego, and perceived behavioural options-and attachment behaviours in the athletic hurt rehabilitation puting. The rubric is short, crisp, and clearly implies a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . It is enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The intent of survey was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss physiotherapy clinical pattern. It is non clear whether Joan L. Duda, Alison E. Smart, and Marlene K. Tappe are athleticss physical therapists or non. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) give detailed background about the psychological factors associating to athletic Iinjury, psychological and situational forecasters of athletic hurt rehabilitation attachment or conformity. The writers summarized the old dependability surveies more specific to the attachment in the rehabilitation of athletic hurt. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency issues. The writers reported the sum-ups of the chief findings from the literature on forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation and found consequences varied. The writers argued that there was no extended research on this subject and due to limited work on athletic hurt rehabilitation, It was questionable, nevertheless, to generalise the major findings from surveies on exercising attachment and medical intervention conformity to the athletic hurt rehabilitation scene. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) has written an up-to-date literature reappraisal. The writers reported balanced rating of the surveies in the past both back uping and disputing the forecasters of attachment to athletic hurt rehabilitation. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research. The survey purpose was clear to place the societal psychological variables that best predict attachment behaviours in hurt rehabilitation among intercollegiate jocks. The participants in Dua et Al ( 1989 ) survey were varied well in footings of their hurt features. This could assist to guarantee a representative sample of the injured athletic population. The writers select homogeneous samples in survey, which is the strength of the survey. Forty male and female intercollegiate jocks were recruited via an introductory missive sent to athletic preparation staff members at six major universities. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) indicated that intercollegiate jocks participated in a assortment of athleticss but all had sustained a athletics related hurt ( strain or sprain ) of at least second-degree badness. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Robson ( 2000 ) stated that the principal of choice of topics in purposive sampling is the research worker ‘s opinion as to typicality or involvement. Robson ( 2000 ) further stated that research workers in purposive sampling choose samples which satisfy their specific demands in a undertaking. Domholdt ( 2000 ) believes that purposive sampling is used when research workers have a specific ground for choosing peculiar topics for survey. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent. Assurance that they can retreat from research at any clip must be provided ( Drummond, 1996 ) . All these demands were addressed within survey and this is the strength. The participants were given an overview of the purposes and intent of the research and all topics signed a consent signifier. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) did non give any information about ethical blessing, and the topographic points from where they recruited the topics to vouch the confidentionali ty and namelessness of the topics. Since, Dua et Al ( 1989 ) have included jocks with a broad scope of musculoskeletal conditions ; hence a homogeneous sample will heighten internal cogency. The writers in the process, spelled out each stage of the research in concrete, operational footings, place every measure in informations aggregation and gave adequate information for another research worker to retroflex the survey. Attachment, measured by attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, completion of prescribed exercising, and exercising strength as perceived by the oversing athletic trainer, was significantly related to strong societal support, high degrees of self-motivation, and a belief in the effectivity of intervention. Consideration was given to confidentiality, the right statistical trials were used, and assurance interval was calculated. In consequences statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies to ease readability and apprehension. There is a sufficient item for the reader to look into the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) found that among all the three constituents, personal athletics inducements were less of import forecasters of attachment behaviours than the sense-of-self and perceived options variables. Dua et Al ( 1989 ) besides found that jocks who focused on undertaking command were more adherent to intervention, while jocks who tended to be more ego-involved in their athletics were less adherent to their plans. Phillips ( 1986 ) defines the decision as the statement that indicates the research worker ‘s concluding place in relation to the concluding inquiry posed. In survey decisions is stated clearly, compactly, and substantiated by the groundss presented ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Dua et Al ( 1989 ) concluded that over all conformity was well related to athletic perceptual experience sing the efficaciousness of rehabilitation and support from household and friends for hurt rehabilitation. The writers farther pointed out those participants who placed less emphasis on undertaking inducements were less expected to compliant to their hurt rehabilitation. Examination to menaces to internal cogency reveals no indicant of trouble associated with history or ripening with these topics over a brief clip span. In survey non chance purposive sample was recruited. An inclusion and exclusion standard was non mentioned. The writers did non advert the participants ‘ age. In survey usage of non chance purposive trying limits its generalisation to the sample itself and necessitates caution in generalising beyond the sample. Trainers who conducted rehabilitation Sessionss were required to rate each topic ‘s strength on a five-point graduated table. The writers did non describe any dependability or cogency findings for either of these attachment steps. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) examined the relationship between four physiological factors including self-motivation, societal support, athletic individuality, and temper perturbation, and intervention conformity as a map of age. The rubric is concise, enlightening and clearly indicates the content. The subject is of import and relevant to physiotherapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate. The debut was relevant placing many personal and situational factors, which linked to the attachment to rehabilitation. The debut referred to the currents research and cited five documents. The writers clearly stated the survey purpose to research whether possible nexus among psychological factors and intervention conformity differ as a map of age. A literature reappraisal pointed to a clear spread with in bing research and helped to compose a outline of statement to back up the principle for the survey. The research attack was documented consisting of a questionnaire fcompleted by participants about 10 yearss before anterior cruciate ligament ( ACL ) surgery. Besides after ACL surgery at each assignment participants documented their conformity to a place exercising programme, and the healer recorded the attending of participants and completed the SIRAS. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) clearly stated the methodological analysis, combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the questionnaires used such as Self-Motivation Inventory, Social Support Inventory, Athletic Identity Measurement Scale, Brief Symptom Inventory, and Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale. The survey contained some of the information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. At the really least it would hold strengthened the surveies if the writers stated that they had used random purposive sampling. Sixty-one participants were recruited including 21 females and 40 male. The research workers indicated that 57 % of the participants were competitory jocks and 41 % were recreational jocks. This survey has included a cross-section of the participants ( male and female ) with subgroups incorporating jocks of changing degree of athletic engagement. Although curtailing the sample of participants to persons undergoing rehabilitation after ACL Reconstruction provided a more controlled geographic expedition of the moderating effects of age by cut downing cross-participant variableness in hurt badness and the demands of the rehabilitation regimen, such homogeneousness decreased the generalisability of the consequences. Subjects can merely be involved in a research undertaking if they have given their consent and topics were required to subscribe a consent signifier. The research workers did non advert that confidence was given that they could retreat from the research at any clip. The institutional reappraisal board approved the Study. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) failed to advert that how the confidentiality and namelessness of the participants was enforced. In the consequences subdivision statistical techniques used to analyze informations were clearly identified. The consequences are presented in narrative signifier, clear and concise tabular arraies shown to ease readability and apprehension. Although age did non function as a moderator in relationship between the four psychological factors and attachment to clinic-based rehabilitation, it did function as a moderator in the relationship between the three of the four psychological factors assessed and place based rehabilitation attachment. Self-motivation and societal support were positively associated with attachment to place based exercisings in the older participants, but non in the younger 1s. Athletic individuality was positively associated with attachment to the place exercising protocol in the younger participants, but non in older participants. Although, the prospective longitudinal research design in which psychological factors and attachment was measured, used in this probe was found to be appropriate but Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) suggested that causal relationships between psychological factors and rehabilitation attachment can non be inferred. Brewer et Al ( 2003 ) acknowledged the self-report method used to measure attachment to place rehabilitation activities, as a restriction and suggested that more nonsubjective steps of place rehabilitation attachment is needed to confirm this survey findings. Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) explored the personal and situational factors related to athleticss hurt rehabilitation among 41 college jocks, including 21 male and 20 female. Participants had been injured in athleticss and had begun a athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme for at least six hebdomads. Title is clear, enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engages people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . The subject is of import and relevant to athleticss therapy clinical pattern. The article included an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. Introduction was relevant placing the factors which affected conformity to the rehabilitation plan. The survey clearly stated the methodological analysis involved but the research workers did non supply any information sing the features of the sample and trying scheme. There were serious defects within the methodological analysis of this survey that question the dependability and cogency of the findings. Fisher et Al. ( 1988 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. In add-on, there is failure to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. The sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample needs to be, has been noted. Each jock was classified as compliant or non-compliant by the healer, based on his or her attending at rehabilitation Sessionss, and a comparing made between expected and existent advancement. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) developed a more extended questionnaire that has been used in a figure of surveies to enable self-assessment of attachment during the rehabilitation period. The Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) consists of 40 inquiries refering to six spheres expected to act upon attachment. Each inquiry requires the participant to circle a response on a four-point graduated table. The rubric of the Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) questionnaire, the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , might be misdirecting with respect to the information sought. It appeared that, instead than mensurating the rate of attachment to rehabilitation, the questionnaire really requires a self-assessment of factors that might act upon their rehabilitation attachment. This was demonstrated by the illustration inquiry for the hurting sphere ; while a patient may strongly hold that their rehabilitation programme was physically painful, their perceptual experience of the hurting they experienced was non a step of their attachment degree during rehabilitation. The right statistical trials were used, and assurance intervals were calculated. Findingss were clearly presented. There were sufficient inside informations for the readers to look into that the treatment is coincident with the consequences. Multivariate Analysis of discrepancy ( MANOVA ) revealed that the consistent and compliant jocks had high degrees of hurting tolerance, energetic, vivacious and lively and received communal support, as compared to inconsistent and no-compliant. Furthermore, disciple jocks ascertained themselves to exert more during hurt rehabilitation Sessionss and concern less about a program of intervention Sessionss and environmental fortunes. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) pointed out that the questionnaire satisfied the demands for face cogency as the points were derived from analysis of the content of attachment literature. However, Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing. Furthermore, a low magnitude of correlativity was observed between the RAQ and three alternate steps of attachment ( attending, the healer completed tonss on the Sport Injury Rehabilitation Adherence Scale, and patient self-reporting of place rehabilitation attachment ) . Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) did non advert any restriction, strengths, and deductions of this survey. The research workers besides did non mention to how they ensured cogency in this survey. Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) evaluated personality properties of non-compliant jocks after the rehabilitation programme had begun. This might bring forth confusing consequences as many variables may be influenced by the rehabilitation procedure. In the research worker ‘s, position, if personal and situational factors could hold been measured prior to the athleticss hurt intervention, and studied in relation to conformity during rehabilitation, it would be more appropriate. Research workers used a homogeneous sample including male, female jocks with shoulder, articulatio genus and mortise joint hurts, which adds strength of this survey. As Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) acknowledged that the RAQ had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold established the dependability and cogency of the questionnaire before or used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Two consecutive surveies carried out by Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation attachment questionnaire and tried to retroflex the research work of Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) . In surveies Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) the rubrics clearly imply a relationship between variables ( Cormack, 1996 ) . They are enlightening, specific to the survey, compendious and engage people ‘s involvement ( Gallic, 2001 ) . Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) clear up the subject of research and give the possible reader an indicant of context and range of the article ( Cormack, 1996 ) . Age, sex, socioeconomic position, rational and educational degree, medical cognition, credence or denial of unwellness, clip from oncoming of unwellness, memory of patients, self motive and exercising end puting have been reported to ease attachment. The rubrics are enlightening. The articles include an abstract that was enlightening and accurate in fact. The intent of Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) ( A ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) ( B ) surveies was stated briefly in the abstract and in more item in the debut. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) gave detailed background about the rehabilitation issues after athleticss hurt and Field et Al ( 1995 ) combined the sum-ups, critically analysed the several published surveies, and addressed the dependability and cogency of the steps to measure attachment to rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) evaluated the consequences of the old surveies and by designation of defects, highlighted spreads, and built a instance for farther research on the subject of variables impacting the conformity in athleticss hurt rehabilitation. Byerl et Al ‘s ( 1994 ) survey purpose was to find the relationship between the rehabilitation attachment of jocks and their self-reported appraisal of six variables that might act upon rehabilitation attachment: hurting, support from others, effort, programming, motive, and environment. Field et al ( 1995 ) survey purpose was to place factors that contribute to adherent or non-adherent behavior during athleticss hur t rehabilitation plans. The survey contained really small information sing the features of the sample but at that place did non look to be indicant of the sampling scheme. In survey A and B the size of the sample appears to be equal although absence of power computation, which determines how big the sample demand to be, has been noted. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) provided no information sing participants ‘ informed consent and ethical blessing. Field et al ( 1995 ) pointed out that all participants filled up informed consent signifiers but did non advert about ethical blessing. In add-on, both Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) failed to advert how the confidentiality and namelessness of participants ‘ information was enforced. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used right statistical trial and assurance intervals were calculated. Research workers performed independent t trial and chance degree was set at.05 for each trial. Findingss were clearly presented in tabular arraies. Wood and Haber ( 2001 ) stated that relational design examines and quantifies the strengths of the co-relationship between the two or more variables. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) used co- relational design. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) did non pull strings any variables so there are no dependent and independent variables ( Hicks, 2004 ) . Hicks ( 2004 ) argued that in co relational design we can non place which variables are cause and which consequence. Therefore, many research workers prefer the certainty of experimental design, but the experimenter could non pull strings any variables, so co relational design is more acceptable ethically. Both, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) used the Rehabilitation Adherence Questionnaire ( RAQ ) , which was developed by Fisher et Al ( 1998 ) . Field et al ( 1995 ) besides used a new instrument, the Athletic Trainer ‘s Perception of Athlete ‘s attempt graduated table ( ATPAES ) for athletic trainers ‘ to sort the injured jock as a compliant and non-compliant. Field et al ( 1995 ) argued that the ATPAES system fulfilled the standard for logical cogency, as the ATPAES system had been favorably assessed by the athleticss healer. No mention was made to more extended cogency rating ( such as comparing ATPAES tonss with other attachment steps ) or test-retest dependability appraisal of the questionnaire. Attendance was besides evaluated in the survey by Fields et Al. ( 1995 ) and participants were believed to hold been compliant into their intervention if they attended at least 75 % of intervention Sessionss and scored 12 or greater on the ATPAES questionnaire. However, this emerged to be a random cut-off for separating compliant from non-compliant jocks, with no justification of how it was obtained. The deficiency of strict dependability and cogency testing of the ATPAES questionnaire in the Field et al ( 1995 ) survey, limits its value as an attachment step for experimental surveies. Since, It has been mentioned antecedently that the RAQ in Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Fisher et Al ( 1988 ) surveies and ATPAES in Field et al ( 1995 ) survey had non been subjected to more strict criterions of dependability or cogency testing, hence in order to diminish measurement mistake, research workers should hold used antecedently documented psychometrically dependable and valid questionnaire. Byerl et Al ( 1994 ) developed a brief step of conformity based on attending and engagement. This mark was used to measure conformity of 40 four jocks who had suffered athleticss hurts and were taking portion in a athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan. The compendious nature of this mark seems to do it allow for assessors who have restricted clip to give to measuring attachment. Patients were assessed on a two-point marking system by the athleticss healer who observed their athleticss hurt rehabilitation programme. One point was allocated for go toing the rehabilitation session. Zero point was awarded for non-compliance. A 2nd point was awarded for finishing 100 % of the prescribed exercisings. If a patient failed to finish all exercisings, three quarters of a point ( 0.75 ) was awarded for finishing 75 % of the exercisings, 0.5 for finishing 50 % of the prescribed exercises, or 0.25 for finishing 25 % of the exercisings. The writers made no mention to reliability proving or proof of t heir questionnaire. Furthermore, the writers recommended that patients who scored between 1.75 and 2.0 were adherent, while those who scored less than 1.75 were non-adherent. These standards appeared to be randomly assigned, with no account or justification of how they were chosen. In Field et al ( 1995 ) survey consequences of the t trial indicated that important differences were seen for self-motivation, scheduling concerns, and hurting tolerance. The discriminant map analysis ( DFA ) pointed out that scheduling concerns contributed most to the overall group differences. Findingss are clearly presented in tabular arraies. Although, Beryl et Al ( 1994 ) and Field et Al ( 1995 ) both have used varied participants in footings of their athletic environment and hurt features, due to little size sample cautiousness must be taken in generalizing these consequences to other populations. Field et al ( 1995 ) in his survey indicated that this survey is merely for one specific environment hence attention should be taken to generalize these findings to other environments.RationaleThe research worker has chosen rugger participants as participants because rugger is a contact athletics. The doctrine of rugger dictates that the game is physical in nature, which means that th e hazard of hurt during lucifers is high ( Brook et al, 2005 ) . The bulk of hurts of rugby consequence from contact stages of drama ( Best, McIntosh, and Savage, 2005 ) . The literature in the field of athleticss therapy and rehabilitation does non sufficiently address amateur rugger football participants ‘ experiences and perceptual experiences of conformity to a athleticss therapy intervention program. Therefore, one can merely theorize the significance and impact of conformity to the athletics hurt rehabilitation among recreational rugger football participant. Since we know small about what is meaningful to thes participants, a rich description from recreational participants, who have had an of import hurt helped to explicate the relevant facets of their experience. The consequences from the present survey would supply cognition that add to the literature by make fulling a spread that exist on a peculiar population, recreational rugger football participants, that has non been represented in the athleticss hurt research to day of the month. Additionally, cognition and information from the present survey should break informed athleticss healer, physical therapists, managers and important others around participants, that may be involved in conformity to athleticss hurt rehabilitation plan so that amateur rugby football participants receive the best of attention. In add-on since the chief purpose of this research addresses the barriers to athleticss hurt rehabilitation, the consequences will be of peculiar involvement to athleticss healers, athleticss physical therapists, who work with recreational rugger participants.